Japanese and Turkic

Proto – Altaic: by
English: I 1st person pronoun

Proto - Japanese: ba
Old Japanese: wa
Modern Japanese: watashi, wate, oi wan, watta, banu, anu

Proto - Turkic: be
Old Turkic: ben, men
Modern Turkic: men, ben

Notes: The form ‘watakusi’ is regarded by Mochizuki as *wa-tu-(a)ku si 'my place direction', and by Martin as *ba-tukusi 'exhaust me' or 'I exhaust'. Rising accent in ‘watakusi’ is unclear.

Proto - Altaic: deka
English: to burn

Proto - Japanese: dak
Old Japanese: yak
Modern Japanese: yaq, yat, yaky, yach, yag, dag

Proto - Turkic: yaq
Old Turkic:
Modern Turkic: yaq

Notes:

Proto – Altaic: ara
English: recent, new

Proto – Japanese: ara(-ta) (new)
Old Japanese: arata
Modern Japanese: aratashi, ara

Proto –Turkic: ara
Old Turkic:
Modern Turkic: ara (recent), arasa (clean; new)

Notes: Low tone in ‘ara-ta-‘ is probably secondary (a result of some contamination). The stem ‘arata’ is preserved as a nominal and verbal stem (arata-ma: Tokyo aratame- 'to renew').

Proto – Altaic: ngana
English: sky

Proto – Japanese: amai
Old Japanese: ame
Modern Japanese: ame, ami     

Proto – Turkic: anar
Old Turkic: ayaz
Modern Turkic: ayar, ayas, ayaz

Notes: Altaic nasal ‘ng’ has been dropped off in both Japanese and Turkic. Altaic ‘n’ has been changed into ‘m’ in Japanese.

Proto – Altaic: kiayo
English: Strong odor, smoke

Proto – Japanese: kain - puri
Old Japanese: k(i)eburi
Modern Japanese: keburi, kemuri, kemui, kibushi, kipusi, kibunchi

Proto – Turkic: kayir
Old Turkic: qayir
Modern Turkic: qayir, bayir

Notes: Historically a compound with ‘pur-‘ 'to wave' (or ‘pur-‘ 'to snow, rain'); the Ryukyu variant ‘kaiNpusi’ may reflect a different suffixation (or the influence of ‘mus- 'to boil, steam'). Simple ‘kai’ is also attested in Old Japanese as ‘ke 'vapour, breath'; the word is traditionally regarded as borrowed from Chinese ‘khɨj’, but the vocalism is somewhat strange (one would rather expect Old Japanese ‘ki -‘ which, as a matter of fact, is also attested and is the normal Goon / Kanon reading of the character 氣).

Proto – Altaic: tioli     
English: stone

Proto – Japanese: disi
Old Japanese: isi
Modern Japanese: ishi

Proto – Turkic: tial
Old Turkic: tash
Modern Turkic: tash, dash, das, chol

Noes: Modern Japanese has dropped off the Proto – Japanese ‘d’.

Proto – Altaic: e
English: that

Proto – Japanese: a
Old Japanese:
Modern Japanese: a-re, a-no, a-n, a-nu

Proto – Turkic: an
Old Turkic: an-ta, angar
Modern Turkic: an-da, an-a, an-ar

Noes: In Old Turkic and most modern languages the root ‘a(n)-‘ acts as an oblique stem for ol 'that' (as well as a deriving stem for pronominal adverbs).

Proto – Altaic: puchu
English: two; half

Proto – Japanese: puta
Old Japanese: puta
Modern Japanese: futa, huta, tha, ta,

Proto – Turkic: buch-uk (half; one of a pair)
Old Turkic:
Modern Turkic: buchuq, uchuq, buchuk

Notes:

Proto – Altaic: miuri
English: water

Proto – Japanese: mitu
Old Japanese: myidu
Modern Japanese: mizu, mit, min,

Proto – Turkic: yag-mur (rain)
Old Turkic: yag-mur
Modern Turkic: yag-mur, yag-myr


Notes: Turkic has preserved the root only within the archaic compound 'yag-mur’ 'rain'.
Modern Turkic uses ‘suw’/’su’ to mean ‘water’.
Tone in Japanese is irregular (probably because of reduction and the position within a compound.

Proto – Altaic: siayri
English: white

Proto – Japanese: sirua
Old Japanese: sirwo
Modern Japanese: siro, shiro, siru

Proto – Turkic: siarig (1- yellow 2- white)
Old Turkic: sarig
Modern Turkic: sariq, sari


Notes: ‘Yellow', is secondarily induced by the Turkic forms - since the original meaning of the root, preserved also in Chuvash, was certainly 'white'.