Yowser, kept away for a few days and it all gets way from me
Now realistically, he did achieve at least three major things: 1) Kept his realm intact |
- A lot of monarchs do this, but does it mean their reigns are one of success? But I must disagree that he kept it intact. Before he had even abdicated he had failed to retake Wurttenburg from the Protestants, had been chased out of Germany, lost most of his power as Emperor, lost the Imperial Free Cities to France, and remained someone importent and broken in Brussels in his last year as Emperor. He left his successors a divided and diminished realm to split among themselves.
2) Took control of Italy (and the pope) |
- I must agree. Charles's handling of Italy was masterful, ultimately ensuring two centuries of Spanish rule. But at what price? When the Protestants spread in Germany and threatened Habsburg power, Charles was campaigning in Italy. When the Great Turk came to the gates of Vienna, Charles again was busy in Italy.
3) Resisted the Ottomans at their mightiest |
- I can't help but think people over-exaggerate the Habsburg fight against the Ottomans. Apart from Tunis, the Habsburgs were defeated at Algiers and had very weak control for long periods over their own areas of the Mediterranean. Barbarossa freely pillaged Sicily, Naples and Aragon, capturing tens of thousands of Christians.
On the Eastern front, Ferdinand met with disaster after disaster. By the 1540's, Buda and Pest had been lost as well as the strategically important Esztergom. Indeed the Truce of Edirne in 1547 was quite humiliating. Ferdinand had lost virtually his entire Hungarian inheritance, paying a 30,000 ducat indemnity for a small strip called Royal Hungary, and for a five year truce.
The failed siege of Vienna was less a Habsburg victory than an Ottoman failure. Vienna represented the limit of Turkish supply and logistics. They could march an army across the Balkans, through Hungary and up to the walls of Vienna's city, burning the suburbs as it passed, but it could never have sustained a long siege so far from home. In 1529 Suleyman had spent 201 days campaigning before the nineteen day siege of Vienna, and his withdrawal was one through lack of supplies and energy.
When he returned in 1532 the weather was atrocious forcing the abandonment of his larger artillery. The siege of Guns held the Turkish army up for a month. By the time the army reached Vienna the campaining season was too far gone. When Suleryman looked for a pitched battle which his enemies refused him, he retired due to depleted supplies and an exhausted army.
After twice returning empty handed from a march on Vienna, the Ottomans were well aware that they had reached their limit.
4) Invented modern government debt (he was badly indebted but then again they all were). |
- Well, he invented the legacy of modern government debt. Indeed, Charles's experiment was self-destructive, the empire so exhausted on his abdication that all revenues from each of his domains had been mortgaged for the forseeable future. Indeed, by 1555 Charles had charged 28m ducats of loans to his Spanish realm and farmed out the revenues for 3 years. It is no coincidence that in 1557 Phillip was bankrupt.
Now, in the Low Countries, he left a positive legacy of debt management, but it was counter-productive. It only strengthened local institutions and further decentralized Charles's empire, a fact that allowed the states of the North to maintain their successful struggle against Phillip soon after Charles's death.
So that's surely good stuff. |
- I'm just not convinced it is. And what does turn out to be positive is often counter-productive, in no way enough to suggest that Charles's reign was one of success.
his realm was not to break appart soon after his death in a mindless civil war. |
- Civil war? No. But the Netherlands were to break away, England was lost, and the splitting of the Austrian and Spanish parts of his realm under seperate monarchs was the last thing Charles intended. He was, indeed, forced in to this.
Thanks!!