Or Europe had just emerged from the Dark Ages of Roman oppression and a variety of localised civilisations flourished across the continent.

Well, whatever floats your boat.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ - http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/

http://www.historylink101.com// - http://www.historylink101.com/\

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm - http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htm - http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wr ldtime.htm

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001196.html - http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001196.html

http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/ - http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/

Gaya

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the Gaya confederacy of ancient Korea. For other meanings of the term Gaya, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_%2%3Cimg%20border=" 0="" src="smileys/smiley16.gif" border="0">isambiguation%29" title="Gaya (disambiguation)">Gaya (disambiguation) .

Gaya (가야; 加耶, 伽耶, 伽倻, also known as Garak (가락; 駕洛, 迦落, Gara (가라; 加羅, 伽羅, 迦羅, 柯羅, Garyang(가량,加良, or Guya (구야, 狗耶 was a confederacy of chiefdoms that existed in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea - Three Kingdoms era in ancient http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea - Korea .

Gaya is thought to have arisen from a more ancient confederacy of chiefdoms called http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byeonhan" title="Byeonhan - Byeonhan . The nature of the transition is not clear from historical sources. However, on the basis of archeological sources as well as limited historical indications, scholars such as Cheol (2000) have identified the late http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_century" title="Third century - third century AD as a period of transition from Byeonhan to Gaya. At this time records show increasing military activity and changed funerary customs. This would also coincide in part with the decline of the Chinese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandry" title="Commandry - commanderies on the peninsula. Cheol (2000) further argues that this was associated with the replacement of the previous elite in some principalities (including Daegaya) by elements from the Manchurian kingdom of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyu" title="Fuyu - Buyeo , who brought a more militaristic style of rule.

According to a legend recorded in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samguk_Yusa" title="Samguk Yusa - Samguk Yusa , in the year http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42" title="42 - 42 , 6 eggs descended from the heaven with message that they would be kings. 6 eggs hatched and 6 boys were born, and within 12 days they grew mature. One of them, named Suro (수로; 首露, became the king of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geumgwan_Gaya" title="Geumgwan Gaya - Geumgwan Gaya (금관 가야, and the other five founded the other five Gayas, namely http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegaya" title="Daegaya - Daegaya (대가야, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Seongsan_Gaya&action=edit" class="new" title="Seongsan Gaya - Seongsan Gaya (성산 가야, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Gaya" title="Ara Gaya - Ara Gaya (아라 가야, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeong_Gaya" title="Goryeong Gaya - Goryeong Gaya (고령 가야, and http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Sogaya&action=edit" class="new" title="Sogaya - Sogaya (소가야.

Different records list different chiefdoms of Gaya. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Goryeo_Saryak&action=edit" class="new" title="Goryeo Saryak - Goryeo Saryak (고려사략; 高麗史略 lists five; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geumgwan_Gaya" title="Geumgwan Gaya - Geumgwan Gaya , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeong_Gaya" title="Goryeong Gaya - Goryeong Gaya , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihwa_Gaya" title="Bihwa Gaya - Bihwa Gaya , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Gaya" title="Ara Gaya - Ara Gaya and http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Seongsan_Gaya&action=edit" class="new" title="Seongsan Gaya - Seongsan Gaya .

Situated around the mouth of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakdong_River" title="Nakdong River - Nakdong River , an area with fertile plains, access to the sea, and rich iron deposits, Gaya had an economy based on agriculture and fishing as well as trade. It was particularly known for its ironworking, as Byeonhan had been before it. Gaya exported abundant quantities of iron armor and weaponry to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje - Baekje and the kingdom of Wa in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period - Yamato period Japan. In contrast to the largely commercial and non-political ties of Byeonhan, Gaya seems to have attempted to maintain strong political ties with these kingdoms as well.

The various Gaya mini-states formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries centred around http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geumgwan_Gaya" title="Geumgwan Gaya - Geumgwan Gaya in modern http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimhae" title="Gimhae - Gimhae . After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time centred around http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegaya" title="Daegaya - Daegaya of modern http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeong_County" title="Goryeong County - Goryeong , but it was unable to defend itself for long against http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla" title="Silla - Silla and Baekje. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/562" title="562 - 562 , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegaya" title="Daegaya - Daegaya , the last of the Gaya states, fell to Silla.

The nature of the relationship between the Japanese kingdom of Wa and the Gaya states has been a matter of extensive controversy. Japanese scholars traditionally have argued, on the basis of various sources including the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonshoki" title="Nihonshoki - Nihonshoki , that Gaya was a colony or tributary of Wa. Korean scholars have rejected this, on the basis of Korean sources which make no mention of Japanese suzerainty. Today, most scholars regardless of nationality concede that the relationship between Gaya and Wa was close, but not colonial.

Kuu-ukko  I hope that some of this helps

Gubukjanggoon - my goodness - you can read a lot into a single phrase.  You have somehow interpreted a historical statement on the growth of the Silla kingdom  as being a political commentary with Japanese Imperialistic overtones? That was not in any way my intent.  One of the sources I consulted in trying to help Kuu-ukko said quite simply " ... the Korean kingdom of Silla rid itself of Japanese influence on the peninsula.  The Japanese were now ejected from a coastal area which they had held .. "  This is a simple statement of historical events that ocurred in the last half of the 6th c and was in no way intended to be a political statement.

The information on Gaya was very interesting, and quite informative - but well off topic - the question raised was about events that occurred around 600 - 700 AD.  What modern societies have done to try and coopt these historical events to further their own political interests lies well beyond the scope of this thread.  Please do not try to coopt this thread with the same intent. 

Perhaps you can share with Kuu-ukko some things that did happen in that time period?

Chinese- very strong. they rule eastern asia. Tang dynasty is found.

Turks- very strong. they rule most of asia from the eastern sea in the east, to the volga river in the west. Turkish migrations to eastern europe, scandinavia and eastern persia begins.

Arabs- Ýslamic expansion begins, and they invade all middle east, noth africa, east africa, persia. some nations being converted to Ýslam.

Bzynthines-powerful but loses middle east to Muslim Arabs. they are dominant in meditarinnean

European nations-they are weak after the fall of roman empire. they became christians and cannot be organised.

The nature of the relationship between the Japanese kingdom of Wa and the Gaya states has been a matter of extensive controversy. Japanese scholars traditionally have argued, on the basis of various sources including the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonshoki" title="Nihonshoki - Nihonshoki , that Gaya was a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony" title="Colony - colony or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary - tributary of Wa. Korean scholars have rejected this, on the basis of Korean sources which make no mention of Japanese suzerainty. Today, most scholars regardless of nationality concede that the relationship between Gaya and Wa was close, but not colonial.

"Turks- very strong. they rule most of asia from the eastern sea in the east, to the volga river in the west. Turkish migrations to eastern europe, scandinavia and eastern persia begins."

Thats the 6th century not the 7th.

"Yes, you are right. But the Göktürks still exist powerfully from the eastern sea to the caspian sea."

If its the seventh century then they didn't. In fact they are not even one empire.

 "West Africa had some advanced tribes in Nigeria (at Nok) and Mali (at Jenne-Jeno) that knew how to forge iron,  "

The tribes were called Mundingo opposed to Mali which was the kingdom found by Sundiata in 1235 a.d.

"Several minor states, populated by Mons (cousins of the Cambodians), existed in Thailand; the Thais themselves had a kingdom called Nanzhao, in China's Yunnan province. "

New research tesify to that theory, Nan Zhao is most likely a kingdom of the Bai and Miao ethnic groups and only a small amount of Thais. Second the kingdom of Nan zhao did not exist during the 7th century, it was divided into 6 zhao and some other kingdoms under the supervision of the Tang. Only in 737 was their territory united by Men Shu Zhao and created the kingdom of Nan Zhao.

"Others have already stated that the three civilizations that did the best in the seventh century were the Arabs, the Chinese, and the Mayans.  To that I would like to add these things:"

Mayas? How serious are you, you forgot the Indian empire of Harsha and the Tibetan empire of Yarlung. Even the declining Byzantium and Korean states have a greater advance and political power than the Maya city states.

The II. Göktürk Empire was still a significant world power in the 7. century.

I'm not confident about this, but didn't the Romans control Carthage until the 8th century?

if IIRC it was one then the other depending on the time frame.

II. Göktürk Khanate ( 682-745 )- The first empire was divided into eastern and western khanates in 576. The eastern khanate was invaded by china but the western khanate remained independent. In 682, the eastern khanate became independent again and they ruled the old Göktürk lands again...

"II. Göktürk Khanate ( 682-745 )- The first empire was divided into eastern and western khanates in 576. The eastern khanate was invaded by china but the western khanate remained independent. In 682, the eastern khanate became independent again and they ruled the old Göktürk lands again..."

Completely erroneous map, The 2nd Turuk empire never occupied territory beyond Tashkent, and it never had the Tarim basin.

1. First of all, the army marched on Constantinople and assasinated the emperor along with with most of his family, and an illiterate usurper, Phokas was chosen by the army to assume the throne.
2. Secondly, it allowed the Avar Khan to resume the raids across the Danube on Roman territory in the Balkans
3. Thirdly, the breakdown of the Danuban frontier system allowed the Slavs to migrate from the Danube all the way down to the Peloponnese on southern Greece.  Within a few years the entire Balkan peninsular (bar the coastal towns) was lost to Empire (and the Danube fronteir was not to be restored until early in the 11th century)
4. Fourthly, as Emperor Mauriakos helped the Sassanian (Persian) Shah Chosroes II in a Persian civil war in the early 590s, Chosroes took to the field in the Mesopotamia, ostensibly to avenge his late benefacotor.  This lead to a long an useless war (from 602-629) between the 2 superpowers in which when everything was said and done, there was no change to any fronteir by the end of the war in 629 (All this when you include the Persian conquests of Roman Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia, and including a joint Persian-Avar-Slav attack on Constantinople on 626).  The end of the war led to both empire being completely exhausted and unable to cope when armies of Islam swept out of Arabia after 634.

To me this time is very important. Bulgaria was crated as the 2nd, I think, in eu. at the time and fist Slavic nation . Only it was created by Bulgars who also around this time made another nation around the Volga river (the entire race was split into groups)

This map is wrong. During the 7th century, much part of the silk road in central asia was controlled by the Tang dynasty. Manchuria, Inner Mongolia were also under Tang. This map shows that the Turk's territories were south of part of the great wall close to the Tang capital Chang'An (the largest city of the world with 40 miles city wall and 2 million residents). I am sorry to say this but it is ridiculous. The Tang was one of the most powerful and glorious Chinese dynasties especially during the 7th century. At least 1/3 of the land in orange was controlled by the Tang in the 7th century.

"

The Tang Dynasty, which maintained its rule nearly 300 years, is probably the most well-known dynasty in Chinese history. Successively witnessing three florescences, namely "the Prosperity of Zhenguan", http://www.warriortours.com/intro/history/tang/wuzetian.htm - the reign of Emperor Wu and "the Heyday of Kaiyuan" in its period, Tang Empire justifiably became the largest, richest, most sophisticated state in the world at that time. Greatly and widely admired abroad, the Tang influence spread into Asia, Europe and Africa. Neighbouring countries sought and established ties with the empire and Chang'an became the center of cultural exchange between the East and the West. "

http://www.warriortours.com/intro/history/tang/ - http://www.warriortours.com/intro/history/tang/

This map shows the largest extent of Göktürk Empire in 6. century. My purpose was to show the borderlands of western Göktürk Empire in this map.

http://www.allempires.com/empires/gokturk1/gokturk1.htm - http://www.allempires.com/empires/gokturk1/gokturk1.htm

We are talking about 600-700 a.d. not the 6th century.

And I already said, that map is wrong. Southern Manchuria is under Koguryo and later Bo Hai kingdoms. The Amur is inhabited by the black water Mohe which was never brought under control by the Tujue.

As for the Western empire, after Tardu became independent of the East, he invaded the Sui and died on the borders, his sucessors was instruggling for the throne and and the western empire broke up and parts of it submitted to Sui, they were able to regroup but never extended their domain beyond the Aral Sea. That kingdom again broke up in 630 not to be reunited until 642. But that unification was short lived, after the Tang defeated them in that year the various tribes revolted and slowly submitted until Su Ding Fang put an end to that kingdom in 657.

In another word, there was no united Gokturk kingdom in the 7th-8th century, Mo Cho was able to restore much of the empire, but only between 711-714 when the disastrous defeat in Bei Ting ended the western prestige, nor di dthe second Tujue empire eve restablish its power over kashgaria.

The silk road map's background is, however, han dynasty. but the silk road was pretty much the same during the tang dynasty as well.

"

Military Power

The Sui had instituted an army of professional soldiers known as Fubing, a basis for a standing army that was adopted by the Tang. Military service was rotated between defence of the national frontiers and duty in the capital. Using this army together with auxiliaries recruited from minorities the Tang rulers pushed back would be invaders and so extended their territorial control beyond China proper. At its peak of power, the Tang controlled large parts of central Asia all the way into Iran as well as Manchuria, most of the Korean peninsula and into the Ili Valley. The Tang became the greatest power in Asia.

Social Economy

Agriculture

Upon reunification of the country, agriculture made a gradual recovery. Large areas of wasteland were brought under cultivation and paddy fields laid out for the planting of rice. In the southern provinces, rice planting was organized so that a double harvest could be achieved. In the northern provinces a system for triple harvests was set up. Sorghum and buckwheat were grown in the Yellow River Valley.

Much attention was given to the matter of irrigation. During the first one hundred and thirty years of their rule, the Tang constructed some 170 water conservancy schemes. New mechanical systems such as waterwheels were introduced to raise water to higher levels thereby increasing efficiency and making it possible to bring yet more land into use.

The increased agricultural output facilitated population growth and during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the population reached a peak of over 50 millions.

Land Policy and Tax System

Land distribution formed an important part of Tang agricultural reform and economic development. In the early years of the dynasty, a triennial nation wide census was taken and all inhabitants registered. This was to ensure a sustainable level of tax revenue to the state. In 624, using the census as a basis, the Tang governors reintroduced the land equalization system of earlier times. In this way it was possible to ensure that all families had sufficient land to be self-sufficient and be able to pay taxes.

The tax system was then adjusted and two important reforms introduced.

Zuyongdiao System

Under this system, although tax was raised from landowners, it took the form of a poll tax and was levied on the number of people in a family rather than on the acreage owned. Each person was responsible for three kinds of tax: in grain (Zu), in textiles or other materials (Diao) and in corvee labour or military service (Yong).

After a period of time, this proved unworkable as vast areas of land were owned by merchants, officials, monasteries and others who were not of the peasant classes. The amount of land available for distribution decreased as more was acquired by legitimate means by the aristocracy and members of the imperial clan. These great estates and the tax free land holdings of the Buddhist monasteries failed to render tax, as did the land endowments held by the counties and prefectures. The majority of the peasantry became tenants rather than landowners with a consequent diminution of government revenues.

Double Tax System

In 780 Yangyan, the then Zaixiang (prime minister), advocated a new tax regime. This provided for tax collection twice a year, in summer and autumn, hence the title Double Tax System. This varied from the Zuyongdiao System inasmuch as it was based on the size of the land owned (land tax) and the amount of the harvest (income tax).

To a certain extent the Double Tax System rectified the inequality of the level of taxes imposed on the rich and poor while increasing the revenues of the central government.

Commerce and Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacture was undertaken in both state owned and privately owned workshops. Mostly located in larger cities, the crafts included brocade weaving, papermaking, iron smelting, casting, pottery making and others.

The textile industry prospered. The silk products from Songzhou (now Shangqiu City in Henan Province) and Bozhou (now Bo County in Anhui Province) were most renowned for their high quality. In the south areas of the country, many silk products were listed as tributes. Advances were also made in the production of cotton goods. Cotton was widely grown in Turpan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian provinces. In addition, there were very obvious improvements in painting and dyeing technology.

Marked improvements were introduced in the manufacture of pottery and porcelain. The porcelain from the Xingzhou kiln (in Hebei Province) was particularly noted for its quality and described as 'white as silver and snow'. The white and green porcelain produced in Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province won itself the nickname 'emulous jade ware'. In southern China, the Yuezhou kiln (in Zhejiang Province) made its mark by producing celadon characterized by its elegance, lightness and strength. Tang Tricolor Porcelain, decorated with yellow, green, white, brown and blue, became famous for the beauty of its designs and the pieces were acknowledged as fine works of art.

Commerce

The rapid growth of both agriculture and manufacturing industry enabled commerce to flourish and created the need for an improved transport system.

So as to speed the transport of grain from the rich area around the http://www.warriortours.com/river/yangtze_river.htm - Yangtze River to the north of the country, the http://www.warriortours.com/cityguides/hangzhou/grand_canal.htm - Grand Canal was extended. Yilu (post roads) were opened running through the country and stimulating trade. The famous http://www.warriortours.com/silkroad/history.htm - Silk Road enabled trade to flourish between China, central Asia and Arabia. After the Rebellion of An and Shi, the Silk Road by sea blossomed. Merchant ships from countries in Asia and Africa flooded in with cargos of spices, medicines and jewellery to be exchanged for Chinese silks and porcelain.

The capital, Chang'an, became the richest and most populous city in the world. It had one million inhabitants, including people from other minorities and countries. Fortified with a wall and moat, the city was divided into quarters including two markets full of shops and stores. These included more than two hundred types of businesses dealing in a wide variety of goods from home and abroad."

http://www.warriortours.com/intro/history/tang/page2.htm - http://www.warriortours.com/intro/history/tang/page2.htm

i found these maps for the world in year 700 AD

Good thing Shilla and Barhae pushed Tang out of our lands.

not really. the tang didn't withdraw until the 8th century.

and it withdrew not because of the resistance in korea but because of an lushan rebellion in china proper. if there hadn't been an an lushan rebellion, the tang wouldn't have withdrawn from korea.

do u think korea could be independent from japan if the us hadn't joined ww2? it's the same thing.

that's due to geographical factors. it is called hei sai horridor, which literally means river west horridor. it's surrounded by mountains.

These Tang dynasty maps are drawn from shallow sources, to be a bit more detailed, the maps below are drawn from professional Chinese historians under the national historical archive.

http://photos.bravenet.com/131/237/194/0/6D3855B886.jpg - http://photos.bravenet.com/131/237/194/0/6D3855B886.jpg   669 A.D.

This include all the prefectures and protectorates but not the vassals of Tu Yu Hun of Kokonor and Mohe of Northeasthern Manchuria which is controlled by Tang. Some time error is also present but its by far the most accurate map of Tang at its greatest extent.

http://photos.bravenet.com/131/237/194/0/8B96EFF743.jpg - http://photos.bravenet.com/131/237/194/0/8B96EFF743.jpg   741 A.D.

Notice that BoHai is again made into a prefecture although remained an independent administration. While the Amur river under the Mohe is also made into a prefecture. Its also doubtful that the territory north of the Amur river is under any effective control.

Here is a list of major Tang protectorates of the west:

In Chinese history the territories of present Day Russian Turkestan is called ÕÑÎä¾Å¹ú or Nine kingdoms of Zhao Wu.

These nine kingdoms are ¿µ¹ú£¨Samarqand £©¡¢°²¹ú£¨Boukhara£©¡¢
ʯ¹ú£¨Chach £©¡¢Ê·¹ú£¨Kesh£©¡¢²Ü¹ú£¨Khebud£©¡¢ºÎ¹ú£¨Koshana £©¡¢Ã×¹ú
£¨Maimargh£©¡¢ @£¨Khwaresm£©¡¢ÊùµØ£¨Betik £©

1. Tashkent. Also known as Shi Guo ʯ¹ú(rock kingdom) in Chinese was made into the Da Wan prefecture(du du fu) in 658 A.D.

2. Samarkand, called Kang Guo ¿µ¹ú was made into Kang Gu Du Du Fu

3. Maimargh, known as Mi Guo Ã×¹ú, or rice kingdom was made into Li Nan prefecture

4. Koshana, known as He Guo ºÎ¹ú was made into Xiang Zhou in 641 A.D.

5. Bukhara also known as An Guo °²¹ú was made into An Xi Zhou

In addition, beyond the nine kingdoms of Zhao Wu there was

1. Zhi Ba Zhou prefectureÖÁ°ÎÖݶ¼¶½¸®, in present day in Tajikistan.

2. Tien Ma Du Du Fu ÌìÂí¶¼¶½¸® also in Tajikistan.

3. Ban Zhou Du Du Fu ÔðàÖݶ¼¶½¸® in Uzbekistan


4. Gao Fu Zhou Du du Fu¸ß¸½Öݶ¼¶½¸® also known as Ferghana.

5. Wang Tin Zhou prefecture ÍõÍ¥Öݶ¼¶½¸® southwest Tajikistan

6. Gu Mo Du prefecture ¹ÃÄ«Öݶ¼¶½¸® in Uzbekistan

7. Yue Zhi prefecture ÔÂÊ϶¼¶½¸® in Northern Afghanistan

8. Da Han(great Khan) prefecture ´óº¹¶¼¶½¸®

9. Qi Sha Zhou prefecture ÆæɳÖݶ¼¶½¸®£ºnorthwestern Afghanistan

10. À¥ÐæÖݶ¼¶½¸®£ºÔÚÍÁ¿âÂü¶«ÄϵÄľ¶ú¼ÓºÓÒ»´ø¡£

11. Xiu Xian prefecture ÐÞÏʶ¼¶½¸® in present day Kabul, capital of Afghanistan.

12. Xie Feng prefecture д·ï¶¼¶½¸® in central Afghanistan

13. Tiao Zhi prefecture, ÌõÖ§¶¼¶½¸® southern Afghanistan

14. Persian prefecture ²¨Ë¹¶¼¶½¸®, its not in Iran but in Turkmenistan, because the Sassanian kingdom is destroyed by the Arabs, the last prince, Peroz escaped to Tang and was enfeoffed this territory as king of the new Sassanid Persia. Although this kingdom was abandoned in the 674 from new arab agrression. Tang army escorted Peroz back in 679 a.d.

In the fourth year of Zheng Guan(630) after the Tang destroyed the Eastern Tu Jue empire, all tribes south of the Gobi up to the old Turkish capital of Otugen was subjugated. This territory was divided into two prefectures in the east and west and all the tribes is subdivided into 20 zhou. Those north of the Gobi belonged to the tiele confederation led by the Xue Yang Tuo tribes although they submitted to the Tang as early as as the 2nd year of Zheng Guan(627) they were independent. In the 20th year of Zheng Guan (646), the Xue Yang Tuo invaded Tang territory taking advantage of the Korean campaign with a recorded number of 200,000 troops. The north was lightly defended, but never the less, the Xue Yang Tuo was crushed by Li Si Qi's border army consisting of 60,000 Tang troop and 5000 TuJue auxiliar. The Xue Yang Tuo retreated north but faced a blizzard that took away 9/10 of their troop, following this disaster the Uighur rebelled, and asked for Tang aid. In the following year, the Tang army crossed the Gobi and joined the Uighurs and overthrew the Xue Yang Tuo. The north of the Gobi up to lake baikal now became part of the Tang territory as well. In that year Tai Zong set up the An Bei(pacified north) Du Hu Fu(protectorate) north of the Gobi and rezoned the Tie Le(including Uighurs) into 6 Du du fu and 7 prefectures. Later that year, he set up the Yen Lang Du Hu Fu(protectorate) up to the Angara river north east of Lake Baikal,(in 663 it will be moved back into Uighur territory) this marks the furthest northern extent of Tang. In 663, the Chang Yu Du Hu Fu is set up for the tribes south of Gobi. In 679, Chang Yu protectorate would rebel but crushed. Yet in 682, the Tu Jue rebels in north of the Gobi and Tang withdrew from An Bei, Chang Yu and the An Bei(Pacified North)protectorate became one and would remain until the end of Wu Zho's reign.
In the west, the Western Tujue during the reign of She Gui Kaghan, their territory streched from Jade gate in the east to the Aral sea in the west, while the south covered present day northern Afghanistan. In the 14th year of Zheng guan (640) Tang occupied the kingdom of Gao Cang(present day Turfan)and created the An Xi(pacified west) protectorate. Slowly, it occupied, the rest of the Tarim and tribes of the Western Tujue, in 658 the rest of the Tujue khanate was occupied. The whole of the western Tujue khanate was zoned into protectorates. From Tien Mountain to the Aral Sea, the territory is zoned into Kung ling and Meng Chi protectorate and subdivided into over a dozen Du du fu and zhou. All these protectorate are under the supervision of the protector general of the An Xi protectorate. In 661, Tang further zoned the territories south of the Oxus and the 16 kingdoms of the tarim basin reaching the border of Persia. This was the height of Tang's eastern expansion. One of the protectorate of the Pacified West was ruled by the last prince of Persia, Peroz who escaped in 651 for the Tang after the arabs destroyed the Sassanid empire. He will keep on fighting the Arabs until the 670s when he is again forced to leave by invading arabs and go back to China. While in 665, the western turkish tribes rebelled and in 670, Tubo(tibet) attacked the Tarim and Tang retreated back to Turfan, but the protectorate of Kung ling and Meng Chi was still loyal to Tang until forced by arabs and later Tujue to abandon their territory.
In the North East, in 627, Kitan of Manchuria submit to Tang, and in 648, Tang set created Song Mo protectorate over the kitans. While created the Yao Le protectorate over the Xi tribes. In 692, Tang also created the Wei Shi protectorate over the Wei Shi nomads in Northern Manchuria.
All of them was under the supervision of the An Dong(Pacified East). In 660 Tang destroys kingdom of Paikche and in 668 destroys Koguryo, set up Gao Li protectorate and BoHai prefecture. These would become independent in 698 and Kitans will rebel in 696 but resubmit to Tang in 714 and rezoned their teritory to Tang protectorate.
While the South isn't much of a change but in 679 Tang set up An Nan (Pacified South over NanZhao and Vietnam.) In Nan Zhao, Tang defeated the Zheng river tribes and the 6 Zhao was zoned into numerous prefectures. During its height Tang had over 800 small Zhou prefectures and 1500 Jun within the empire itself.