HB

Bassas

[see Wonders]

[see Wonders]

river, "shallow" / "ford"

3rd/6th

ASC 669

Bassa the priest

Reculver (near Rutupi)

(priest)

Wantsum-Stour

Reculver inscription

Basilica

Reculver (near Rutupi)

Basilica

Wantsum-Stour

ND/SS

Baetasiorum (from Baetasii)

Regulbium

(Wantsum-Stour)

4th/3rd

modern / historical

Reculver

Reculver Cross

Wantsum-Stour

4th/3rd

PG

Afarnach's

Hall

4th/3rd

12 Monasteries

Raglan

(monastery)

#

11 Consuls

Boso?

Rico/Ridoc?

"Oxford"

#

ASC 571

Bensington

Gwallawg

Aeron [or Gafran?]

[retreat?]

#

Children of Brychan

Afallach?

(Ilud?) or Marham church?

(Ilud?)

3rd or 6th?

DEB, HRB

St Aaron

(church?)

(in set of 2/3/4)

ASC/Ethelwerd 519

Avene?

Cerdicsford?

Wonders

Appled Ash? [Mysterious body of Levitating Altar may be Arthur]

(Levitating altar)

Levitating altar

Swelling ford/shallows?

10th

Triads

Afallach [Avalon]

Hall

10th/13th

Boron

Avaron

10th/13th

HRB

Riculf/Raculf

HRB

Akalon

(river)

24 Ks & 33 Cities

Caer Bosso?

Rhydycheu

Local Baschurch tradition

Baschurch

[Arthur's resting place]

Baschurch

[10th/13th]

?

Eglwysau Bassa "churches of Bassa"

Eglwysau "churches"

Canu Heleydd

Bassalig

[Campus Electi]

HB

Agned

(Cat)Bregion

(mt) "(white) hills/uplands"

"sorrow(s)" "death, massacre"

8th

ASC / Ethelwerd 477/491 / 756 / 893

(caer/coid) Andred

(Pevensey)

(Ashdown)

(South Downs / Ashdown)

massacre

(caer)

stamps/tiles

((H)on) Avg Ndr

(Pevensey)

(Abulcorum)

(South Downs)

(fort)

ND/SS

Anderida

(Pevensey)

(Hastings?)

Abulcorum

(South Downs)

(massacre)

fort

8th

stamps/tiles

(Anderida)

Cl Br

(Pevensey)

(South Downs)

fort

modern/historical

(Anderida)

Pevensey

(Ashdown?) (Hastings?)

South Downs

fort

8th

PG

Ystawinguin

uplands

8th

Gwallawg/Taliesin

Agathes?

Bretrewyn?

bre- "hill(s)"?

(defence?) "virgin martyr"?

HRB

Agned

Puellarum

(mount(ain) (Albani)

sorrow, maidens?

castle

[8th]

Bede

Peanfahel?

Abercorn / Abercurnig?

(Alcluith?)

Children of Brychan

Egloskerry / Egloshayle?

Berwyn?

#

Bergion brother to Albion

Bergion

Albion

12 battles, 9 battle-sites HB/Nennius, Irish HB, Liber Floridus, Higden

1 *aber/ ostium fluminis Glein/Gleni/Gleuy "mouth river Glein"

2/2-5 Dubglas "black water" (Linnuis "pools") [near Mersee] [Wygan /Witham?]

3/6 Bassas

4/7 silva Caledonis (cat coit Celidon) (Guinnoin in)

5/8 castellum Guinnion / *Alborum "fort(let)" + "white" (vs pagans / Saxons) (Mary, Cross, shoulder / shield) (in Caledon wood)

6/9 urbs/city of the Legion (Carlion)

7/10 (Trat)Tribruit / Ribroit / Arderit

8/11 Mt Agned / (Cat-)Bregion/Breuoin "(white) hills"

9/12 Badon hill/mt

9 ND/SS forts

2/1 Gariannonum

3/2 Othona (Limen fortenses)

4/3 Regulbium (cohors Baetasiorum [from Baetasii]

n.a. (in between)

6 Dubris (white)

5 Rutupiae "red top" (Legio 2 Augusta from Caerleon), Triputiensis, "city/civtas/orbs", [Lucrinum?]

7 Lemanis

8 Anderida (Abulcorum) ((H)on Avg_Ndr), (Cl Br), (Andred)

9 portus Adurni "height" (&/or Clausentum)

9 modern / historical actual sites

1 Burgh, Great Yar-mouth, Breydon Water. Garieni. Gar[ienno]. Gerne-mwa. (Spong Hill?Grimes Graves?)

2 Bradwell, Maldon, Ithancester, Lu(n)dan-byrig, river Blackwater, Witham, river Ei-du-mannia "element du black", Dengie Marshes, Mersea Island

4 Reculver, monastery-church, Reculver Cross, 'Basilica', Bassa the priest, Wantsum-Stour

3 Kit's Coty "battle + wood" & Coldrum, Pilgrims Way, Medway, Weald, Sylva Caledonia of Caesar, Sylva Eaglis. Countless Stones(can't be counted), Beult

6 Dover, white, Albion, St Mary in Castro, St Martin le Grand, Edinburgh Hill, Braddon, North Downs, W & E Heights, Colton, not far from a Snowdown

5 Richborough, large cruciform platform, amphitheatre, (Julius Caesar) (Caractacus), oysters

7 Stutfall, Lympne, Romney, Lliff Menai

8 Pevensey, South Downs, (Ashdown?), (Hastings?), ('(H)on Avg_Ndr'), (Andred)

9 (Bere by) Portchester, Portsdown Hill, Meon, &/or Bitterne, Southampton (geothermal)

"7"/9 PG battles/sites

1 Tribruit 1

2 Eidyn 1

4/3 Afarnach's Hall

3/4 Celli "grove"

6 Mynydd Eidyn, Eidyn 2 (vs Cynbyn)

5 fastness /dwellings of Dissethach

7 Tribruit 2

8 uplands of Ystawinguin

9 Mon(a) /"Anglesey"

# Gwallawg battles (Taliesin)

1 plain of Lleeawg [&/or Agathes?]

2 Maw & Eidyn [&/or region Bretrewyn?]

Aeron [& retreat Brecheinawc, Gafran?]

wood Beit & hunter Mabon

Arddunion "fortress height" [& Eidyn?]

Gwensteri, Lloegyr

marsh Terra

Agathes & region Bretrewyn?

end of wood of Oleddyfein? [&/or Eidyn?]

12 Monasteries

Glyn Rosin?

Martrun? Hodnant?

Raglan?

Colguan?

Glasgwin?

7/6 Leominster, Lann Llieni

Repetun?

Croyland?

Bathonia

11 Consuls

Morvid of Gloucester?

... [&/or Boso of Rico/Ridoc/Richiden /"Oxford"?]

Cursalen of Kaicester?

5 Jugein of Legecester, [Rico/Ridoc /Richiden?]

Urgennius of Bath

13 Wonders of Britain

Levitating Altar, Swelling ford? Appled Ash?

Amrs Tomb (can't be measured), Archen-field; Cabal's Cairn, Buelt? [Swelling ford?]

Sealess shore? DurRig Habren? [Pictish Palace?]

Cruc Mawr, Returning Plank, Lynn Liuan (army, ebbs), Circling Mount, omitted in Irish, [limpets of Ceoil?

loch Lumonoy

Hot Lake, Salt fountain, river Trahannon?

15 Children of Brychan

St Ive /Johannes

St Endellion /Endelient? Dyfnan / Duban?

Afallach? Minver /Menfre? or Marham? Ilud?

Mabyn /Mabon? Clether / Cleder?

7 St Wenn? Dyfrig? Iona?

Juliana?

Egloskerry? Egloshayle? Berwyn? Brynach?

14 Adwen /Advent (or Lanent?)

10 Glywys?

1 Gwynlliw /Gwynllyw? or 6 Gwrhai/Gurai/Gurinid

2 Etelic /Etelicchion/Edelygion

Margam? 4/3 Penychen?

3/4 Pedrog (no part)? Kidwely?

1 Gwynlliw/Gwynllyw or 6 Gwrhai/Gurai/Gurinid

principal seat? Crucmetil? Serugunid? Pedrog?

Margam?

Penychen?

Crucmetil?

7 servants of the Porter

1 Grynn

5

Gwrdnei cat's eyes

7 Clust(veinyd)?

ASC /Ethelwerd 571 (later re/taking by Saxons)

Bensington?

Aylesbury?

Egonesham /Ignesham?

"city" Lygeanburg /Liganburh

ASC 577?

Glewancester?

Bath?

ASC (no gains gap 519-552)

Cerdicsshore?

"London"

Avene / Cerdicsford?

Cerdicsleag?

Wiht-garas-burh?calends Martii 538?

calends Julius 540?

Sarum & Beranbury? Wibbandune?

Scilly / Lyonesse (analogousnamesakes)

Hoary rock in the Wood

Hoary Rock in the wood

city of Lions /Lyonesse?

St Agnes?

3 several battles, HRB/Geoff

Dubglas, "Lincoln", London

"Caledonian", London

"Bath"? "Alclud"?

?

"3 several battles"? "Lomond".

"Totness"? "Alclud"?

"Severn" & "Bath"?

W Saxons (Sayles) (ASC)(GYAM)

Wash, (Cerdics-shore?)

Solent, (Cerdic-shore?)

3 HRB

Kamber?

Albanact

Locrin(us)

2/3/4 Sts DEB/HRB

St Aaron

St Alban('s), "Verulam" / Uerolam-iensem

St Julius. Amphibalus?

3 battles Triads

Cad Godeu / Cad Achren

Arthuret?

Camlan?

3 Renowned Cities / Beroul

Isneldone /"Snowdon" "snow hill"

Cuerlion

3 solemnities Padarn

calends May?

calends July ; metropolis of Padarn / campus Heli

3 churches Padarn

maritime?

martime, or Again's Cross / middle?

Again's Cross / middle, or Great/last

Again's Cross / middle, or Great/last ; metropolis of Padarn / campus Heli

Great/last?

DEB/Gildas, AC/WA, Tysilio, HRB/Geoff, EH/Bede, Taliesin

siege Mt Badon (near "Win-chester") (feasts)?

Mt Badon (near Winchester) (feasts) / Baddesdown-hill / "Bath". (Posentesburh?)

Prophecy of Merlin

Guintonhi /"Winchester" (earth shall swallow)

Baths of Badon?

HRB

Alclud, Albani

Agned, castle of maiens, castellum Puellarum

PaHalgan

Martinus, Doferum. (Eafe?)

St Paerburge, Legeceastre

Limmingce?

Earls

Doorn?

Limours?

lai of Ywenec

Carwent?

Doglas?

Carwent? "Doglas"?

Carlion

Taliesin

gravel bank Garanwyn(yon)?

Dubriactus?

Avalon sources

10/13 Hall on isle of Afallach, Avalon (in North Sea), Avaron

Canu Heleydd

Bassalig

Campus Electi?

Galician (analogous)

Santa Maria de Bretona? Tower of Hercules?

Sant-iago de Compstela?

Breton (analogous)

Gwenedeg/Vannes?

Leon?

Vulgate cycle

fine hunting grounds Arestal

fortress on a lofty Saxon Rock in region of Arestal nearby narrows of Godalente

24 Ks & 33 Cities / HRB/Geoff

Green Shield

White Shield, Darian Las? Marsia /Martia & 'Caer Baris' / "Dorchester" "by the sea"? Castell y Morwynion / Mynydd y Tristydd? Gwenwissa/ Genuissa dtr of Caesar / Claudius? "Jerusalem"

"Caerleon"

?

Bladud/Bath /Badon?

Celidoine

Galafort (sign of cross)

Stephen de Bourbon (analogous)

St Guinefort (cyno-cephali)

Lyon?

584

green woodland

(white town / "Chester"?)

white town in valley - town of white stone / "Chester"?

wood-clad rock

Lofty wood-clad rock dinas Emrys? Vast insulated rock dinas Emrys?

Merlin sources

Merlin Avellenaw

Merlin Wylt, Merlin Caledonensis, MerlinSilverstris

[Car-marthen?]

[Car-marthen?] "Merlin's town Caerleon"

Fife (analogous)

Culdees?

St Mary on the Rock

St Patrick

soldiers of Corocticus? Patrick "father of citizens"? Cruc?

Camelot (marble, yellow)?

Camelot (marble, yellow)?

HRB, AC

St Dyfrig/ Dubricius (of Legions)

(Dubricius of) Legions, Tremounus of Legions

Landavensis

[urbs legionum or Caerlleon]

[Will of Worcester?]

se nemus

"Stirling"?

"Stirling"?

Sts Lives

Do(c)guinnus / Llanddyfrwyr

Round Table (Wace, Beroul)

Round Table rotates like world, siege perilous, at castle Snowdon "snow hill", at castle "Windsor"

Round Table rotates like world, at city of the legion / caer-leon

Tristan & Yseut

Coed Celyddon

Castle Dore? Castle of Snowdon? Castle of "Windsor"?

city of Lions / Lyonesse

Modena Archivoilt

"Guinevere", tower/castle, Galvarium

Urien (Taliesin)

Aberioed?

Aeron? ford? Inver?

underwood of Cadleu? (al-Clud?)Affair at head of wood?

Ulph? "ford" of Al-clud?Affair at head of wood?

Llwyvenydd?

Brewyn?

Cludvein? Affair at head of wood?

8 labours Turein /Turenn?

4th two steeds Dobar?

("his/he",) (dux bellorum) Arthur, and kings & military force of Britain/Britons.

Evidences for Britons in the area may include: History Files and wiki articles mention evidences of late British presence at Caerlerion, Caerwent, Colchester, Walton. Some say the fens were a refuge for Britons. [Ursicinus of Hoxne hoard?] Count Theodosius the brown bear? Caerwent of lai of Ywenec? St Leonard's on Mousehold Heath [cp Llwyn-arth]? "Norfolk has more large Anglo-Saxon cemeteries than the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk". Modern genetic map posted on Apricity forum showed East Anglia less Germanic. "The dolichocephali, or long-skulled type of men, who, in part, preceded the English, have been found abundantly in the Suffolk region of the Littus Saxonicum, where the Celt and Saxon [Englishman] are not known to have met as enemies when East Anglia became a kingdom." "510-555 emigration of Angles & Frisians to the Continent". East Anglia "must have been loosely organised" "not enough to make the north folk and south folk forget their differences ... became separate shires...." (Yarmouth is near dividing line of Norfolk & Suffolk.)

1st (of 9)

2nd, but 1st excluding omitted 1st ND fort Branodunum. Ours is not just one isolated site but 9 sites all matching and all in order/numbers with an attested set of 9 sites.

battle

Possible evidences for battle there include the SS fort with possible traces of battle(s) there. Saxon Shore is strategic. Spong Hill graves? The name of Grime's Graves? Cerdicshore battle (ASC, GYAM)? Granfelden 675? St Mary in the Field? [One of the two sites (Burgh / Caistor) had some Saxon/Briton religious associations which may connect with battle there?]

at / above / to east of

Caistor is on north side of estuary? "on western edge of Caistor"? Burgh is on opp side of estuary, on eastern bank of southernmost part of Breydon water, few miles sw of Caistor, "w of Burgh Castle"? "Burgh Castle (Norfolk) near the mouth of the river Yare". .... The Yare flows from west to east and the mouth of the Yare is to/in the east

ostium/*aber/mouth. Ostium can mean either "vicinity to the embouchure of a river" or "door/entrance/mouth", or "confluence". "Nennius used ostium not aestuarium". Some scholar's proposed original *Aber can mean either "estuary" &/or "confluence, a river's confluence with another" &/or "(river) mouth, the mouth of a river at the coast".

Garien(n)i fluvii ostia / ost Gariennus flumen / Gerne-mwa / Great Yar-mouth. This site has a mouth, and a confluence, and an estuary. Burgh/Caistor is at mouths of 4 rivers. "Burgh Castle (Norfolk) near the mouth of the river Yare".

fluminis/river. "Nennius says/uses fluminis/fluvium not rivius". Fluminis/fluvium can mean "running water" and/or "river/stream".

Garien(n)i fluvii ostia / ost Gariennus flumen / river Yare (or Waveney or ...). One of the proposed meaning of Gariannonum is "babbling".

Glein/Gleni/Gleuy (name)

Garieni/Garienus / Gar[ienno] / Gariannonum / Gerne / Yare.

Some people scathingly adamantly assertingly "authoritatively" claim that Glein and Garieni are different roots (or that they are not able to say they agree because they and/or i are not certified linguists. However there is such quantity and quality evidences that all the 9 sites definitely match, and it must be 1 of these 4 certainly-possible solutions: Either Glein and Garieni are same/related name/origin (their linguistics are demonstrably only theory and not definite fact), or else "unreliable" Nennius did a clever pun (there are known/possible examples of such elsewhere in HB and in world history), or only the meaning matches the site not the actual name (and name is only Nennius'), or else we got wrong local name match and there is some other local name that matches. (Other names in wider area include Peter Gleane, Grime's graves, St Giles, and i think i saw a Glynde near there in Norfolk/Suffolk?)

meaning of name: The linguistic root and meaning of the name Glein is not necessarily definite, proposed meanings include: gleno "holy", or *glan/glen/glem/gem "pure (river)/clear/clean/bright/brilliant/gem", or glain "glass/crystal/gem", or glen/glyn/gleann/glin/*glinn "a glen, valley (of the river)/(river of the) valley, dale, head of the hollar, where a valley butts up against the mountain, usually with a spring" (related to klettr "cliff") or "mountain valley", or dyn Glan "man alive", or glind "fence, enclosure".

the linguistic root and meaning of the name Garieni is not necessarily definite, proposed "probable" meanings include: gar "ash", “shout, babble/babbling (river)”, or “rough”, or ear "gravel(ly)". Some of the meanings of Glein may match our site. There is a glass vessel at Burgh castle (as there also is at Dover) re the "holy", "glass" or "clear/pure" meaning. There is a cliff at this site, and the fort "underlying hillside, on summit of ground sloping steeply towards estuary of river Waveney, overlooking estuary/marsh. (Grandval 675?)

ostium fluminis Glein/Gleni "mouth of the river Glein"

Garien(n)i fluvii ostia / ost Gariennus flumen "mouth of the Garienus"

against Saxons

Saxons ranged from Wash to Solent. The "Saxon Shore". Spong Hill graves. Some say Cerdicsshore may have been at Yarmouth? One of the othodox theoretical criticisms of our thesis is that they think the s.e. quarter of Britain was all Anglo-Saxon. "Jews Way" (& "Jews Lane") (meaning enigmatic people). "Norfolk has more large Anglo-Saxon cemeteries than the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk". "Roman and Saxon integration" in Saxon Shore fort(s) area. "British strategy seems to have been to allow Saxon landings and to then contain them, there." Of the SS forts "There has been no consensus amongst those who write about the transition from the Romans to the Anglo-Saxons." ....

before Ida c 547

.... (The dates of Burgh would seem to fit better than dates of Caistor.)

HB/Nennius (including Wonders)

Some wonders of Britain match a number of the 9 battle sites. Not sure if any Wonders do or don't match this site. Some possible Wonders that might match are ....

history

true historical actual site match. Haven't yet any certain historical chronicle matches but some possible candidates may include Theodosius? Germanus? Cerdicshore battle (ASC, GYAM)?

(island of) Britain

is in Great Britain

Indirect matches via intermediate: 9 HB battle sites match 9 PG battles. 1st battle Glein of HB matches 1st battle Tribruit of PG. Glein 1st battle of HB may match Grynn 1st servant of the Porter. Plain of Lleenawg of Taliesin may link with Glein?

Indirect matches: 9 PG battle sites also match 9 actual SS sites. The Breydon water at this 1st actual SS site also matches 1st battle Tribruit of PG. 1st servant ofthe Porter Grynn may offer intermediate between Glein/Gleni and Garieni/Gariannonum? Plain of Lleenawg of Taliesin may link with fields of Burgh site? Gravel bank of Garanyn(yon)of Taliesin may link with Gariannonum? Glass vessel at Burgh might link with Igraine?

Others not just me: Some others have also located an HB battle(site) at Gariannonum/Norwich (but Guinnion not Glein). No one has disproven our 9 sites match(es), they only reject it for 1 reason for each site (ignoring all the quantity and quality of our site(s) matches evidences). Prof Fields locates the 12 battles "up and down the east coast".

Others not just me: Some others have also located an HB battle(site) at Gariannonum/Norwich (but Guinnion not Glein).

1. ostium fluminis Glein/Glenii "the mouth of the river ((which is) called) Glein/Gleni"

2/1. Garianonum / Burgh/Caister / Great Yarmouth : 'Garien(n)i fluvii ostia' / 'ost. Gariennus flumen' "the mouth of the Garienus" / 'Gariannus Fluvius' / 'Gar[ienno]'. (Peter Glean? Glynde? Grime's graves? Iceni?)

2 (2-5). river Dub-glas ["black-water" / "blue-black"] (+ region Linnuis/Linnius ["region/district /polity /people/inhabitants (of) pools/lakes/ponds"]) (Near Mersee (Higden).)

3/2. Othona / Bradwell / Maldon : river Blackwater &/or river Ei-du-mannia/Eidumanis "element du "black"". (+ "Five Lakes near the coastal town of Maldon", "60 acres of beautiful parkland and lakes", "The Mid-Essex Coast Special Protection Area is of International importance as a wetland ..... means over millions of years, resulting in a landscape where lakes or ponds tend ...", "consisting of numerous lakes, ponds, boggy areas, willow swamp, scrub and", "Dengie Marshes". Lindsell/Lyndesele/Lindeseles/Lindezel, and Linford in Essex, and a Linford road East Tilbury? Lindsey in Suffolk? Limen Forteneses at Othona? Lu(n)dan-byrig? London?) [Two rivers Tamar & Limar?] Mersea Island.

3 (6). river Bassas ["shallow", or "ford", or "forehead"?]

4/3. Regulbium/Reculver : 'Basilicia' in Reculver inscirption. Cohors i Baetasiorum (from Baetasii) at Regulbium in ND. 'Bassa the priest' at Reculver in 669 (ASC). Regulbium/Reculver name means "at the promontory / great headland", and the fort "entrance faced north / on north side, facing the eponymous promontory". Episford/Ebissa? river Wantsum-Stour. [Two streams Rheidiol and Paith?]

4 (7). silua Caledonis ["wood Caledon"] (+ cat coit Celidon ["battle wood Celidon"])

0/3. The Weald (forest/wood) : 'sylva Caledonia' / 'Caledonia sylva' of Caesar's invasion (in Florus etc). 'Sylva Eegalis'. 'Anderida Silva'. Kit's Coty ("The Kit element has been interpreted as Categern or Battle and Coty as Wood, Coits or Stones and Small Cottage", or Keiton) & Coldrum, which 2 nearby sites are connected in Tradition and by Pilgrims Way. ["Green Shield"?]

5 (8). castellum ["fort(let)"] Guinnion/*Alborum ["white, fair, holy"] (Arthur's shoulder/s / shield", St Mary). ["Guinevere" in Modena Archivolt?] = Badon of AC/WA.

6. Dubris/Dover. White Cliffs. Albion. North Downs (chalk). Lighthouse. 'St Mary in Castro'. Glass Vessel. ["Guinevere" in Modena Archivolt? Y-Bryn-gwyn / Gwyn-fryn "White Hill/Tower" "facing France" of Bran story? Guintonhi/"Winchester" which "the earth shall swallow up" of HRB? Gwenwisa dtr of Caesar/Claudius in '24 kings & 33 cities'? "White Shield"? Guiderius? Kent is linked with Christ and St Mary in 694.] At Dover is "lost village of Braddon within Drop Redoubt on Dover Western Heights", "the ancient name of Braddon", "I would suspect that Bradden would more likely be on the highest point of the hill".

6 (9). 'urbe/urbs Legionis' "city of the legion" (+ Cairlion). [Lygeanburg/Liganburh in ASC?]

5. Rutupiae/Richborough. 'orbs'/'civitas' (Orosius/Lucan), "city" (Bede). Legio 2 Augusta (from Caerleon) (ND). A civil(ian settlement) and commercial town; "metropolis". [St Paerburge of Leg(e)ceastre in Pa Halgan? Lygeanburg/Liganburh in ASC? Synod 'Urbs/Urbis Legionum/Legion(is)/ligionis'/"Chester" 601/602 (different to battle 'Caer Legion'/"Chester" 613/614) (AC) ~ St Augustine synod at "Chester" ~ 'Augustine's Ac' "Augustine's Oak" "on the borders of the Hwiccas" c603?]

7 (10). (Trat/Traeth [“road/shore/bank(s)”, or “river + wider geographical context like a bay” / “not properly a river but an inlet of the sea, a tract of marsh, or other shallow and sandy place usually covered with water… such as… a quagmire”?]) Tribruit/Ribroit/Arderit [“tidal estuary + 3/crossing + rushing [river]”, or “a place where three rivers empty into an estuary”, [or bruit "brook"?], or “a strand or stretch of beach beside the sea at a place where three rivers come together”, or brwydr “(piercing/pierced (through)/(through-)pierced,) battle” / “broken through” / ”(strand of the pierced or) broken (place)” / [beach], “((the) pierced or) broken (through) shore”, or brisare “press out”?] [“the frith, or marshy channel, of the open or unenclosed habitation”].

7. Lemanis / Stutfall / Lympne / Romney / Lliff Menai. "Stutfall Castle seems to have occupied a broad point of land forming the north shore of a strait separated by a wide tract of marsh and sandbank from the mainland. This sea channel gradually disappeared to become part of Romney Marsh but excavation has demonstrated that the shoreline was originally 1.8 meters below the present level of the marsh. The siting of the fort and its Classis Britannica predecessor, with the command of this narrow estuary, made good strategic sense enabling it to control all shipping entering the harbour…." Rye harbour/bay; Denge marsh; Romney marsh (from aet_thaere_ruman_e “broad river”); Sandtun (tidal inlet); Rother(bridge) river/banks (tidal estuary); Tidebrook; Brede (tidal channel); Lemanis (intertidal areas); Lymne (banks). 3 rivers (Brede being one). 3 pronged inlet of sea in Roman times (maps). (Atrebates (border there)? Bibroci (border there)? 'Cl Br'? 'thetis_Rhutupinaque_littora'/"Rutupian shore"/Triputiensis? Ypres Tower (Rye)? 'Ripp (Wood)'? Trebeurden?)

8 (11). Mt Breguoin ["(white) hills/uplands"] / Agned ["massacre", or "sorrows", or "pure, virgins, lamb" [virgin martyr], or "pasture + headland"?] / Cat Bregion. ('castellum puellarum' "Castle of Maidens", 'montem dolorosum' "Mountain of Sorrow", near 'Albani' "white" (HRB).)

8. Anderida (fort) / Pevensey. 'caer/coid Andred' (477/491/756/893)? '((H)on) Avg-Ndr' tiles/stamps? Massacre here in 477/488/491. (Montague nw of Pevensey? Lower Agney? Mountney Level?) 'Cl Br' tiles/stamps? (Mt Caburn? Boulogne? Bre Regin? Bre Gwoden?) South Downs (chalk). Abulcorum.

9 (12). penetrated to Mt/Hill Badon, or Baddesdown-hill (Bede). (Most severe contest. 940/960/470 fell.) (Hot lake, bath(s).) ("Solsbury".)

9. portus Adurni/Adiuni/Ardaoni/Ardaoneon (fort) "fort/port of the height", Portsdown Hill, Portchester. [Mantuantonis/Mutu-antonis (Ravenna cosmo. # 69)?] B(i)eda son of Port 501 (ASC)? "After participating in crucial early battles on the rivers Medway and Thames, he [Vespasian] was sent to reduce the south west, penetrating through the modern counties of Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwallf". [Natanleod (slain with 5000 in 508) ~ gwledig Naw Cant Lliwed “ruler of 900 (warrior) companies”?] Southampton geothermal. Solent.

is a "Wonder"

The large cruciform platform at Richborough qualifies as a wonder. The Cross/Crucifiction is stated by many to be one of the greatest wonders of AD western world history.

region "Cereticiaun".

[Perhaps compare Carannog/C(h)ernach, son of Ceredig, from Ceredigion?]

Cereticiaun could connect with either Caractacus of Roman invasion, or with Cerdic interpreter of Hengist (HRB), or with Cerdic/Cedric of West Saxons. Or, car/caer/cair can mean city/camp? St David was son of prince of Cereticu, and David has links with our south-east sites too. [Coroticus of St Patrick might also link with our site/area?] Cregcanford?? [Just to give the orthodox critics an excuse to trash it i will also add dubious/tenuous faint possibility of Crete & Thanet??]

Yes there is a cantref/shire called Ceredigion/Cardigan in Wales, but are there any other place/name candidates, and/or why can it not be a later namesake, or why can't Nennius have cleverly punned?

a "mountain" (& hill(ock)/heap/mound/tumulus, summit)

The cruciform platform at Richborough qualifies as a hillock/mountain/heap/mound. The crucifiction was also on or at the top of a hill (Golgotha/Calvary/'Skull Hill') too.

Yes theirs is a hill/summit, but doesn't also match other cross meaning.

name and/or meaning of "Cruc Mawr" (or Cruc Marc) "great/big hill(ock)/heap/tumulus/mound" [and/or "great/big/huge cross/crux/crucis/crucifix/crutch"] (and/or "yellow death" in HRB)

The "large/massive Cruciform platform" or quadrifrons at Richborough only best matches "big cross" better than any other site in Britain/World. The Crocea Mors in Geoff's HRB also is in area of Caesar's invasion. (The crucifiction was also on or at the top of a hill (Golgotha/Calvary/'Skull Hill') too.) Some other Cruc place names may also possibly match our Richborough/Rutupi & 'city of the legion' site (eg: Again's Cross of Padarn, Cruachan-Aichle of St Patrick)? (There is also place/name 'Stone Cross' at Sandwich, and 'the Cross' in Kent in maps/records.) [The "yellow" might link with "yellow" Camelot and/or 'Meil-ros' which also seem to match Richborough? (Compare yellow plague of Maelgwn of Rhos?) The platform is white & the building over/around it had marble.]

The small conical mound/hill &/or whole mountain site may match large hill(ock) but it doesn't match big cross. There are also one or two or three other place/name candidates (Crug Mawr mountain in Powys, Crugmeer farm in north Cornwall)? Craigmore in Antrim/Londonderry/Maghera)?) so which one of the 2/3/4 is it?

alternative name/meaning of Cruc Marc

x marks the spot? King Mark of "Cornwall" [~ Kent]? March/border? Marcus/Mark in Roman invasion?

tomb / grave (on summit) / tumulus

Evidences suggest that the cruciform platform at Richborough is certainly the grave or centoph or either Labienus/Laberius, or Julius/Aaron/Alban, or "Gawain", or Vortimer, or Brychan. The Christian Cross/Crucifiction / Calvary/Golgotha/Skull Hill is the death & burial site of "Jesus" Christ and of all Christians.

Yes there is a cairn on top, but otherwise pretty weak match with all the rest of the details.

fits everyman (short and long)

This fits the Christian ideas about the Cross/Crucifiction, eg “Jesus the perfect gift that fits every heart”. (Nennius was religious "Christian".) Also, one arm/bar of the Richborough platform (and of the christian cross) is shorter (& thicker) / longer (& thinner) than the other.)

How does the orthodox site only-best fit this?

4 (Roman?) cubits ["177.8 cm" or "259.6 cm"]

The 4 cubits of this wonder and the 20 cubits of the Font Guur Helig wonder may link with the arms of the cruciform platform at Richborough (since cubit is tip of finger to elbow of bent arm)? And/or it may link with Judaeo-Christian / Roman / British/Welsh / Frankish / Saxon cubits/heights? (Romano-British height 154.2-169.3 cm, 9th cent Northern European/Scandinavian height 173.4 cm, 12th cent Britons height 171.6 cm, Medieval avg height 171.26 cm, 2004 British mean height 177.2 cm. Romans and early christians and Saxons were mainly in south-east quarter of England/Britain.)

weary wanderers not weighted down anymore, not beyond self, even to bounds of cosmos. (Bows.)

This fits the Christian ideas about the Cross/Crucifiction. (Nennius was religious "Christian".)

How does the orthodox site only-best fit this?

3 (bows)

3 days (& 3 crosses & 3 nails) crucifiction (& the Trinity) perhaps? [Tremounus? Triputiensis?]

near preceding &/or succeeding wonders. (Is number 13/14/... / 13th/14th/... in set of 13/14/....)

The preceeding Wonder 'Amr's tomb' pretty certainly matches Countless Stones of the Medway megaliths [Celidon]. The next Wonder (in the primary version) 'sealess shore' apparently matches either the cliffs of Dover [Guinnion] or cliffs near Reculver [Bassas]. The next Wonder (in the alternative version) 'Brebic's stone (in a) cataract' may also match one of our south-east sites.

Some of the orthodox/traditional Wonders claimed sites are close but overall thay are scattered and have no other attested common connection as a set/group.

in the Wonders of Britain in the 'HB' of "Nennius" (which also has other Wonders, and also has the 12 battles 9 battle sites of Arthur). ("another wonder". Is number 13/14/... / 13th/14th/... in set of 13/14/....)

The other Wonders also match our 9 south-east SS sites. The 12 battles 9 battle sites of Arthur also match our 9 south-east SS sites. Nennius was traditionally reputed to have been at "Oxford" which seems to really be Reculver or Richborough in Wantsum-Stour area, or Epsford. "Nennius" was a "christian" so it is not surprising the connection with the cross.

Orthodox would have Nennius and/or Arthur romping massive lengths of almost the whole of Britain from Lomond (Wonders), to Wales (Wonders), to Anglesey or Isle of Man (Wonders), to Oxford (Asser), etc. Some claim that Nennius was in Wales/West not in Anglo-Saxon area, but I have not seen any really solid proofs/evidences for this.

is "Historia"

Ours matches with a real historical site.

Theirs matches with a real site but what is its attested history between Arthur/Nennius and 1188?

is in "(the island of) Britain"

is in Great Britain

is in Wales (which is in Great Britain)

omitted in Irish HB

Is it concidence that the 4 Wonders which we had found to certainly seem to match Richborough/Rutupi & City of the Legion are all 4 omitted in the Irish HB?

date (of HB/Nennius). (Before 1188.) (After Caesar's invasion, before Geoff of Monmouth/HRB.) (Omitted in the later date Irish HB.) [Arthur was "before Ida".]

Geoff's HRB has Crocea Mors in Caesar's invasion. Date/author of HB/"Nennius" is disputable/uncertain. Large cruciform platform has been at Rutupi/Richborough from "ca 1st cent ad" to the present, and may be grave/cenotaph of Labienus or St Julius or ..., or monument of Claudius invasion? [Eclipse calends Julius 540 (ASC)?]

[A king Ceredig died in 615.] [Arthur king/lord of Ceredigion died & solar eclipse in 807.] (Ceredigion mentions in 871, 894, 987, 992, 1072.) (A battle fought at/near the site in 1093/1094, and) Traditiional site recorded in 1188, Crug Maur farm mentioned in 1895, and is Modern candidate site. Some orthodox assert date of HB/Nennius is certain time/author, others say not certain time/author.

armour broken to pieces

Crocea Mors?

According to some sources Cruc Mawr or Cruc Marc seems to be connected with "Brychan’s sepulchre" which is in/near Mannia/Mynav. [Compare St Minver/Menfre in the 15 children of Brychan.]

Brychan's sepulchre seemingly matches either the Reculver Cross & Arthur's grave (& retreat of Brecheinawc/Gafran), or the cruciform platform at Richborough, or Medway megaliths. (Brycheiniog named from Brychan.) (Birchington?) Vallis/Valley of Brychan/Rosina/Wedale/Avalon fits Wantsum-Stour (and/or fits difference between Dover & Richborough). A "certain regulus" Brychan (Vita Cadog) may link with Regulbium/Reculver? There is a 'Minnis bay' near Reculver (& Richborough). "Nennius" analogously corresponded "Mon(a)/Anglesey"/"Man" and Thanet in the Wonders (and some versions of Watlling Str link both places at either ends).

The analogous later traditional site Banc-y-Warren hill/summit near [porth] Crugmore/Crug(mawr) farm (between Cardigan/Aberteifi and Lampeter/Pont-Stephen, Llangoedmore parish, Ceredigion, Wales). (Aberteifi/Cardigan which was an island.) ("Sand Pit".) (Aberteivi "the key to all Wales".)

Our site was a port. There was a font at Rutupi/Richborough. The metropolis of Padarn/Paternus seems to match Richborough/Rutupi & city of the legion. Peter in Kent in 601-3, 616/617-618. (St Patrick may also possibly link with our site?) Peter means Stone/rock which may match our site. Church of Stephen of Camelot may be church at Richborough or the cruciform platform building/structure at Richborough? Stephen as a first martyr may link (with St Julius/Alban, and) with Labienus of Caesar's invasion? (Our site is near mouth of river Stour/Wantsum.) In Roman times Rutupiae was (on) an island, &/or Thanet was an island. 'Sandwich'? Rutupi/Richborough fits key to Britain ('City of the Legion') (compare the Gwensteri and "subdue Lloegyr" of Gwallawg/Taliesin).

Their site can be a later analogous namesake.

[calends July & calends May 1093 kerediegean battle Wales.]

St Julius & Aaron & Alban of 'city of the legion'. Julius Caesar's invasion. Calends of Julius 540 (ASC/Ethelwerd). Calends of July of 3 solemnities of Padarn.

[surely must/may also be in other Roman/Welsh/Saxon sources.]

Many other sources seem to match this and the other 8 of all the 9 south-east SS sites (12 battles, Wonders, Pa Gur, 12 Monasteries, etc).

The traditional site can be a later "lifted" analogous namesake. Nowhere near as many sources qualitatively match the orthodox/traditional site(s).

fought/called by Arthur/Britons

There are evidences of/for Britons in Kent around this time. Kent & Canterbury are British/Welsh names. Medway was border of Welsh & Saxons. ....

Britons/Welsh were not limited to Wales & Cumbria until after Chester in early 600s ad according to orthodox academics own sources. Chester 600s battle wrong/different leader.

The Britons / Welsh were not limited by Saxons to Wales and Cornwall until after Dyrham in 577, and to not Wales and Cumbria until after the battle of Chester in 600s according to orthodox academics own sources.(All 3 of Cornish, Welsh, Cumbrian retain Arthurian links.) "Wurdesten speaks of the Britons leaving their ancestral land when the Saxons occupied it"?

Britons were not limted to Cumbria until after Chester in early 600s. (Britons not Scots/Irish / Picts.) (All 3 of Cornish, Welsh, Cumbrian retain Arthurian links.)

Britons were not limted to Cumbria until after Chester in early 600s. (All 3 of Cornish, Welsh, Cumbrian retain Arthurian links.)

Britons were not limited to Cornwall/Devon & Wales until after Dyrham. (All 3 of Cornish, Welsh, Cumbrian retain Arthurian links.)

number 6/6th/middle in a set of 9 sites.(Near Tribruit, Guinnion, [and Celidon, or Bassas.])

Richborough is number 5 in an attested set of 9 battle sites which all match Nennius in order.

(Cross-switch match of 6th battle / 5th battle site confirmed between sources: City of Legion 6th (HB), Dissethach 5th (PG), Leominster/Lynn-Liuan 6th/7th (12 Monasteries), Lynn Liuan 6th (Wonders), Legecester 5th (HRB), Richborough/Rutupi 5th/7th.) City of the Legion is near Guinnion, and/or is near either Celidon, Bassas, or Tribruit.

Chester is not number 6/5 in an attested set of 9 battle sites which all match Nennius in numeric and geographic order. They can proove match on only one or a weak few of the 9 battle sites.

Caerleon is not number 6/5 in an attested set of 9 battle sites which all match Nennius in order. (though is inside 12 Monasteries area)

York is not number 6/5 in an attested set of 9 battle sites which all match Nennius in order. Sextae could possibly link but match is otherwise weak.

Brittany site is not number 6 in an attested set of 9 battle sites which all match Nennius 9 sites in order. (Though it is in 7/9 Breton saints)

NOT number 6/5 in an attested set of 9 sites (though Ardrey has an artificial/arbitrary set of 9 sites)

NOT number 6/5 in a set of 9

NOT number 6/5 in a set of 9

NOT number 6/5 in a set of 9 (is number 9/last in set of 9 SS sites)

a "battle" there (~ strategic, works/defenses/fortification) (British won.)

Is strategic (eg Saxon Shore). The fort and possible traces of battles fought there.

Not strategic at the time. Too far North and West. Not anymuch (West) Saxons (not Angles) there then. 613 battle wrong outcome. "Chester" 613 not mentioned in Chronicle of Werburgh?

Not strategic at the time. Too far West. Not anymuch (West) Saxons there then.

Not strategic. Too far North. Not anymuch (West) Saxons (not Angles) there then.

Not strategic; Too far away; Not anymuch (West) Saxons there then.

Not strategic at the time

in/at

urbe/city

Rutupi/Richborough was a "city" / "civitas"/"orbs" / "metropolis".

legion camp/chester may conflict with legion city/orbs? The 2 AC/WA city of legion entries maybe well be different places: synod ‘Urbs/Urbis Legionum/Legion(is)/ligionis’/"Chester" 601/602 (AC), and battle ‘Cair/Caer Legion’/"Chester" (brocmail/"bangor") 613/614 (AC). Nennius' 'urbs/city of legion' is different to his 2 legion cities in his cities of Britain list ('Cairligion/Cair Legion'/"Chester", and 'Cairlion'/"Caerleon").

Nennius' 'urbs/city of legion' is different to his 2 legion cities in his cities of Britain list ('Cairligion/Cair Legion'/"Chester", and 'Cairlion'/"Caerleon").

legionis/legion(s)

legion 2 Augusta. (Some arch-critics claim there was supposedly no legion there then at time of Arthur/Nennius, or that only part / garrison of legion not main base. The legion at Rutupi is closer date than the legion at Caerleon.) CoL is city of the legion singular which matches Rutupi. The plural legions may not be correct, or it may be 2ndarily correct. Legions plural could also match Richboroughi as landing place of Roman invasion legions, tho scholars dispute where the landing place was.

legion victrix. If they can claim our site supposedly didn't have a legion at the time of Arthur/Nennius, well then their own site certainly does not?

legion 2 Augusta at Caerleon legion was also later at Rutupi/Richborough. If they can claim our site supposedly didn't have a legion at the time of Arthur/Nennius, well then their own site certainly does not?

legion sextae

St Pol de Leon. Carhaix of Prince of Leon. Yet there is also possibly Lyon & St Guinefort of Stephen de Bourbon?

name &/or meaniing of 'urbe legionis' "city of the legion"

Nennius' 'urbs/city of legion' is different to his 2 legion cities in his cities of Britain list ('Cairligion/Cair Legion'/"Chester", and 'Cairlion'/"Caerleon"). [Lygeanburg /Liganburh 571 ASC may match city of the legion & Richborough in Kent in my opinion from certain evidences in ASC etc.] [St Paerburge of Legcester of Pa Halgan may possibly be in Kent?

[Chester is Romano-Saxon name?] "How Deva came to be the name of Chester or the Castra Legionis (whence the Welsh Caer Lleon) is not clear"? Orthodox and everyone can not even decide/prove which of their "only 2 (or 3) possible" sites (Caerleon or Chester (or York)) CoL supposedly is. [ASC 571 Lygeanburg/Liganburh can not be Chester.] "Chester" 613 not mentioned in Chronicle of Werburgh?

Was Caerleon called that before 800 ad? Caerleon (Romano-British name) was called Isca Augusta /Silurium? HB doesn't say "on Usk". [Lygeanburg 571 can't be Caerleon.] Orthodox are wrong to adamantly assert that there are only 2 or 3 candidates (Caerleon, Chester, (York)) because they're the only 2 known places called city/camp of the legion, & the 3 est legionary bases in Roman Britain. There were legions at some other places in history of Britain, incl at Rutupi.

York was not ever called city of the legion (though zoetropo claims it was somewhere). York was called York /Ebrauc /Sextae. Even orthodox academics favour Chester or Caerleon and don't favour York. [ASC 571 Lygeanburg/Liganburh can not be York.] CoL and York are mentioned as distinct places in Arthurian sources. Orthodox and everyone can not even decide/prove which of their "only 2 (or 3) possible" sites (Caerleon or Chester (or York)) CoL supposedly is.

Not sure any Brittany site was ever called city of the legion? St Pol de Leon. [ASC 571 Lygeanburg/Liganburh can not be in Brittany.]

gloss called/name Cair_Lion

legio 2 augusta at Rutupi was "from Caerleon".

CairLion is a gloss. Nennius doesn't say "(up)on Usk"

Cairlion is a gloss. Dumbarton was at some time called /Kairlium.

legio 2 Augusta(implied from "Cairlion" in HB, and "on Usk"(and "Augusel"?) in other sources). [month Aug/Sept?]

right legion (legio augusta from caerleon later at Rutupi), closest time.

wrong legion (Victrix)

the legion was at Richborough closer to the right time

wrong legion (Sextae)

Wrong legion?

"against [West] Saxons" [Cerdic, Colgrin, Baldulf] [not Angles].

There were many/much (West) Saxons there then. The (Anglo-/West) Saxons were mainly between the Wash and Solent (the 'Saxon Shore'). Colingwood said Nennius' words imply Arthur was fighting Kentishmen.

Not anymuch (West) Saxons (not Angles) there then. The Britons were not limited by Saxons to Wales and Cumbria until after the battle of Chester in 600s according to orthodox academics own sources.

Not anymuch (West) Saxons there then. The Britons were not limited by Saxons to Wales and Cornwall until after Dyrham in 577, and to not Wales and Cumbria until after the battle of Chester in 600s according to orthodox academics own sources.

Not strategic. Too far North. Not anymuch (West) Saxons (not Angles) there then.

Not anymuch (West) Saxons there then (though Saxon Shore is & Germanics were raiding both sides of English Channel). (Saxon Shore is either both sides or just British side?)

date "before Ida" ["c 547"]

The legion at Rutupi is closer date than the legion at Caerleon. [Calends Julius 540? Liganburh 571?]

Chester 600s ad battle is the wrong/different time/date. The later battle not just source would have been copied from the earlier.

Caerleon legion was later (closer to 547) at Rutupi/Richborough. If they can claim our site supposedly didn't have a legion at the time of Arthur/Nennius, well then their own site certainly does not?

in "HB/Nennius" (which also has the Wonders)

Some of the Wonders of Britain match Richborough/Rutupi, especially Cruc Mawr (large cruciform platform at Richborough), Lynn Liuan.

is "history"(ie 'Historia Britonum')

in "(island of) Britain".

Is in Great Britain. ["Britannia Minor" of some other source/s could refer to some minor-like prominent part/province/promonitory of Britain/Britannia such as the Downs/Weald/Kent/Albion?]

Brittany is not in the island of Britain

archbishop Dubricius / Dyfrig (HRB, AC?)

Richborough is near Dubris / Dover (&/or to Doruvernis/Canterbury). (Confirmed by Dubriactus in Taliesin?)

Does not have any Dubricius match like ours has. [The only possibility could be Deverdoeu [Dyfrdwy] but wouldn't be "linguistically sound".]

Does not have any indisputably concrete Dubricius match like ours has.

Does not have any Dubricius match like ours has. York was archbishop Sanxo.

Does not have any Dubricius match like ours has.

St Julius & Aaron & Alban & Amphibalus. [Leo/July?]. Jugein of Legecester.

Has match for 3 close to each other Sts sites (Julius = Richborough /CoL, Aaron = Reculver /Avalon, Alban = Dover /Guinnion).(Rutupiae built 277-285, & St Alban martyr 283?) Julius Caesar (& Laberius)? [Calends of Julius 540 ASC, & calends of July of Padarn match Richboorugh & CoL? Date of St Julius /Aaron is 1st of July.] CoL had a church of Julius, this might be the building over the large cruciform platform? [Church of Stephen at Camelot. Stephen 1st martyr.]

Has no match for 2/3/4 close to each other Saints sites (Julius/CoL, Aaron, Alban, Amphibalus). Chester has no provable St Julius origins connection. The tradition of Sts Julius & Aaron at Chester is admitted by investigators as weak/no evidence. Chester is not close to St Alban (though source claims Chester is "the white city"). Julius & Aaron can't be in two places at sametime (both Chester & Caerleon have traditional claims).

Has no match for 2/3/4 close to each other Saints sites (Julius/CoL, Aaron, Alban, Amphibalus). Julius & Aaron can't be in two places at sametime (both Chester & Caerleon have traditional claims). Caerleon has no verified St Julius origins match. Caerleon is not close to St Alban.

Has no match for 2/3/4 close to each other Saints sites (Julius/CoL, Aaron, Alban, Amphibalus). York has no St Julius (Julius Caesar). York is not close to St Alban except Scottish Alba / Albany.

Has no match for 2/3/4 close to each other Saints sites (Julius/CoL, Aaron, Alban, Amphibalus). Brittany does not have as good / strong St Julius [Julius Caesar] origins matches as Richborough / Rutupi does. Brittany is not so close to St Alban.

St Julius (& St Alban (& St Amphibalus)) (continued)

St Alban is linked with St Germanus. The grave of St Alban might be the cruciform platform at Richborough [& grave of Gawain at Rutupi /Peryddon?] (it may be grave of Labienus?) (Albinus Abbot of St Augustine's, Canterbury??) (Amphibalus is also in Winchester, while Arthurian "Winchester"/Guintonhi is Guinnion/Dover.) Julliberies grave?

"Arthur's capital". ("2nd Rome", "chief city of Britain", "principal archbishop" "loved & honored Caerleon on the Usk more than any other place"); "one of the most important cities in Britain"; "metropolitan see", one of "3 renowned cities".) ["Metropolis of Padarn".]

Rutupi / Richborough was "their primary station / the metropolis / this city was of such celebrity that" (ref "R. of C."). Is one of the best preserved Roman sites in Britain. ["Metropolis of Padarn". Taliesin's Gwensteri key to Lloegyr.] (Thanet also had a name that is similar looking/sounding to "Rome"?)

I don't think that Chester qualifies as this.

round table there. [Amphi-balus?]

Has very round / circular Amphi-teahtre and it is analogous to the amphi-theatre RT tradition of Caerleon, and the amphi-theatre RT tradition of Chester. Rutupiae "red top"?

The amphi-theatre Round Table tradition of Chester is weak.

No other evidence for Caerleon amphi-theatre RT tradition.

Caer Lleon and "Jerusalem" were built about the same time (ref '24 kings & 33 cities') implying it was close to a "Jerusalem" site.

"Jerusalem" (cross) is Uerolamiensem" / "Verulam / "St Alban's" (Gildas), which is Dover (white /Albion), which is Guinnion (cross).

"Gildas clearly states that this place [city of the legion] is unacessable to British people." (And/or, other sources seem to imply CoL was deserted &/or waste?) [CoL Wonders omitted in Irish HB.] Gildas says "neither to this day are our cities inhabited ... forsaken & overthrown" [which fits ASC 571 & 577].

It qualifies for inaccessible &/or deserted &/or waste.

"If this was Chester it would hardly be unacessable." Surely Chester was not uninhabited by Britons in Gildas' lifetime before the 613 battle of "Chester"?

It was not inaccessible (Gildas) or deserted or waste. "Wurdesten speaks of the Britons leaving their ancestral land when the Saxons occupied it"?

It was not inaccessible (Gildas) &/or deserted &/or waste?

Tremounus of Legions (HRB). [Trimontium / Mel-rose (Adam Ardrey).]

May link with Triputiensis/Rutupi, or Trinovantum/"London" (there are some possible indications of links between London & Richborough, though name supposed to be from Trinovantes not New Troy). [Or else Cruc Mawr?] [Mel-ros (& Rhos) & Wedale seem to connect with CoL / Richborough / Camelot & Reculver.]

Trimontium ["lifted / recycled"].

not far from Isneldone/Sinadon/"Snowdon" "snow hill".

Richborough is near North Downs (chalk), Dover (white, Albion), and a Snowdown.

on the banks of a river like the "Usk"

Richborough is similarily on the (Wantsum-)Stour. [Stour name may match similar names in some Welsh sources?]

Chester is on the Dee/Deva

Caerleon is on the Uske ["Uske" can be analogous / lifted / wrong]. Nennius doesn't say "(up)on Usk".

York is on/by Ure.

"David bishop of Merlin's town Caerleon"

[city of Lions / Lyonesse is between land's end & Scilly islands [in "s.w."]?]

Richborough is at analogous opposite s.e. lands end, and by Thanet (and/or archaelogists say Richborough/Rutupi was once (on) an island?) Richborough in east is sort-of analogous to Caerleon in west?

Caerleon is not really so. Caerleon in west is sort-of analogous to Richborough in east?

York is not really lands end.

[Lynn Liuan is at/nearby CoL (eg Leominster & Linn Liuan, Caerleon & Lynn Liuan, HB has both CoL & LL, Irish HB omits CoL / Richborough wonders). "The fastness/dwellings of Dissethach" of Pa Gur (5th) matches City of the Legion of HB (6th), and matches Lynn Liuan (6th in HB, 5th in 12 Monasteries).]

Lynn Liuan (& Dissethach) seems to match Richborough/Rutupi (or Ebbsfleet?) area then.

Aurelius /Ambrosius was Roman-blooded.

Chester is in the unromanised region of britain not in romanised region of britain in the map "Post-Roman Britain (Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries) (based on Jones & Mattingly's Atlas of Roman Britain)".

[CoL may be linked with number 1000(0) (via Carmarthen, via Taliesin 1000 sons)?]

[I sure i saw it said that Richborough/Rutupi held about 1000?]

"the II Augusta had reduced a lot [to 1/10]";

"Legio 2nd Britannica ... just 1,000 strong by then [ear 5th cent?]".

[CoL is maybe "down road from" a "Bangor" (& an abbey) site analogously like Chester is?]

"Bangor" & abbey might link with Reculver (& monastery-church) [Bassas / Avalon]?

Chester is "just down the road from Bangor"?

[City of legion is linked with St Paerburge &/or Werburgh? Metropolis of St Padarn? Llanbadarn?]

St Paerburge of Legecester in Pa Halgan may be in Kent? Metropolis/solemnities/churches of Padarn may match CoL & Richborough?

Chester's Werburgh can have been "lifted". [Werburgh female in some sources but male on some other sources.]

CoL had a church (of Julius) or minster ["Leominster"]. [Camelot had church of St Stephen.]

I think i saw that Richborough had a church, &/or it did have building over the cruciform platform.

Implied links with Paulinus, Augustine, Germanus.[Augusel?]

Augustine & Paulinus were in Kent. Germanus had links with St Alban who can only be in Downs. [Legio 2 Augusta?]

Germanus battle Maes Garmon near Mold [near Chester] is dubious. St Augustine synod at "Chester" ['Augustine's Ac' "Augustine's Oak" "on the borders of the Hwiccas" c603?] also seems dubious to me? (Though Ethelbert did extend his sphere to Humber.)

St Pol of Leon.

CoL and York are mentioned as distinct places in Arthurian sources. Nennius' 'urbs/city of legion' is different to his 2 legion cities in his cities of Britain list ('Cairligion/Cair Legion'/"Chester", and 'Cairlion'/"Caerleon").

Richborough is distinct from York, Chester, Caerleon.

surely must also be in other Latin/Welsh/Saxon sources too

Our site also matches Dissethach of PaGur, Gwensteri of Gwallawg, Lynn Liuan & Cruc Mawr of Wonders, etc. The extended version of Watling street links 2 city of legion candidates Richborough/Rutupi and Chester. Taliesin's Gwallawg battles seem to parallel Nennius' Arthur battles, Taliesin's Gwensteri key to Lloegyr corresponds to Nennius' city of the legion and fits Rutupi/Richborough. Mari Lwyd in Caerleon similar to Hoodening in Padstow (Petroc's, Cornwall), Kent, & Cheshire links 3 CoL sites?

A "Chester" battle is in AC/WA, but wrong name/words and wrong date and wrong outcome. The later battle not just source would have been copied from the earlier. The extended version of Watling street links 2 city of legion candidates (Richborough / Rutupi and Chester). Mari Lwyd (St Mary) in Caerleon similar to Hoodening in Padstow (Petroc's, Cornwall), & in Kent, & in Cheshire. This links 3 city of legions sites. West Chester implies an east Chester?

Amphitheatres of Caerleon, Chester & Richborough all analogous. Caerleon in west is sort-of analogous to Richborough in east? Mari Lwyd (St Mary) in Caerleon similar to Hoodening in Padstow (Petroc's, Cornwall), & in Kent, & in Cheshire. This links 3 city of legions sites. I have yet to check if the Mynde of Caerleon could link with our Cruc Mawr of Richborough (&/or Tremounus/Trimontium)? [Newport imply an old port??]

CoL and York are mentioned as distinct places in Arthurian sources. [ASC 571 Lygeanburg/Liganburh can not be York.]

Dumbarton/Dunbrettan "fort of the Britons/Britain" aka Alcluith (ail "rock" + river Clyde) actually points to being an analogous namesake "lifted" from Dover / Braddon [Guinnion / Badon] as the fort of Britons /Britain / Albion?

Gwenedeg/Vannes and Leon are only possibly analogous lifted/recycled namesakes of Guinnion and City of (the) Legion(s).

Supported by other scholars

Some other academics like Evans have suggested Richboroughi, they only dismissed it because they believed south-east was Anglo-Saxon.

Orthodox and everyone can not even decide/prove which of their "only 2 (or 3) possible" sites (Caerleon or Chester (or York)) CoL supposedly is.

Some orthodox academics favour Chester over Caerleon.

Orthodox and everyone can not even decide/prove which of their "only 2(or 3) possible" sites (Caerleon or Chester (or York)) CoL supposedly is.

Even orthodox academics favour Chester or Caerleon and don't favour York. Orthodox and everyone can not even decide/prove which of their "only 2 (or 3) possible" sites (Caerleon or Chester (or York)) CoL supposedly is.

Orthodox academics favour only Chester or Caerleon or York and don't favour Brittany.

All details of CoL (& all 9 sites) of HB (& all sources)

They rejrected all our quality match(es) evidences for this site for only one over-rigid theoretical reason. We have a CoL site and 9 sites match(es) which are far stronger in evidences than others' candidates theories.

They can not just base an identification on only one or a few details of the battle site (like name match) & 1 site or few sites not 9.

is number 10/9/last of 14/13/11/10 [or 9] Wonders of Britain of 32/31 / 27/26 / 21 / [21 or] 20 [or 19] / 20/17 / 13 / 10 Wonders. ("another wonder".)

[Evidence suggests that Arthur's grave at "Avalon" / "Baschurch" / "levitating altar" was at Reculver [Bassas]. Camlan is 10th/last after 9 battle sites of Arthur of Nennius. Boso of Ridoc is 11th in HRB.] The previous and following wonders also seem to match sites in same Kent or south-east quarter area, and they are all attested as connected in other sources (HB, ND, etc). (Next wonder the returning plank seems to have been at Richborough.)

i have not seen orthodox show if/how/that theirs is number 10/9/last? Orthodox have Nennius wonders jumping all over Wales & Britain (Lomond, Cardigan, Gwent, Buelt, Gower, Severn, Anglesey), and they are not attested as connected in any other sources.

is a "Wonder"

Reculver Cross qualifies as a "wonder". Arthur's grave is also called an eternal wonder is the grave of Arthur in Black Book of Carmarthen.

does their arch qualify as much as a "wonder" of Britain?

in Gu(h)yr/Guiher/Gower/Gubir/Guhir. [Gower is either Welsh "wedge-shaped piece of land" or "a goat/caper" or "on the right" or "man"?, or else is Norman place-name like Gohiere (region north of Paris) or Gouy which latter is from Roman personal name Gaudius.] Compare langemelach/llann Gyfiielach/llangyvelach/llann GyfUelach/llangyfelach, Gower/guhir/gwyr in 12 Monasteries list. Urien(s) of Gore [Voirre/Goirre/Gorre?]

Gower in Wales is a peninsula; Reculver is a "great headland/promontory". [Bassas may also mean "forehead"? Possibly compare the orthodox Mumbles Head?] (Sub-)King Guoyrancgonus of Kent? Guiderius just before Claudius invasion? Guhir is next after "Raglan" in 12 Monasteries list. [Will tenuously add that there may be an analogous traditional link of "Bangor" (in Arvon) "down road from Chester" with Reculver not far from Richborough [city of the legion]?]

yes their candidate site is in modern "Gower", but they refuse to consider if there are any other places/names candidates, and refuse to consider if it is an analogous namesake, or if there was any "lifting", or if Nennius cleverly punned/conflated. They should not just believe or reject a match only on one or few details not all the details/evidences.

Wilson & Blacket's is in Glamorgan/Gwent. [Gower is in westernmost Glamorgan.]

in Lorigaruch/Loyngarth/Loingraib /Llygraib/Loiguarch /Llwynarth/Lingarthica [Loyngarth/Llwynarth "grove/wood of the bear", or Llwyn garth "Grove/Bush/Scrub Hill/Enclosure", or llymarch "an oyster"]

Richborough/Rutupiae and Reculver are famous for oysters there. Rutupiae was thought to be (in) a wood in Roman source. St Leonards Church at Deal? [St Leonard's forest?] Loyngarth may link with Camas Longart/Longphort (on Loch Long), which may link with Camelot &/or Llongborth, which may link with Richborough/Rutupiae? (Arthur may mean "bear", and Arthur's 9 battle sites match the 9 Saxon Shore sites.)

Ystum-llwynarth/Llwyngarth/Llygraib "Llwynarth Bend [Bay?]" (~ Oystermouth bay, the Mumbles, Gower)? [Could be later analogous namesake or "lifting".]

Wilson & Blacket's site is in wood/Coed y Mwstwr forest.

"Levitating/floating altar". held up / supported (in the air) { by the will of god / , although the height of a man above the earth}. (Suspened in the air over face. Altar stayed/remained inseparably above/over/before the face.) ("under the altar (has) looked".) [Possibly compare Carannog's altar?]

the Reculver Cross and stone base/altar?* And/or the “altar chamber” at Margate caves?

* [The christian cross may be thought of as levitating &/or altar? 'Calvary Cross' has 3 steps base.] Might be confirmed in the cross being connected with Iltud at Llantwit in Wales (inscribed “Samson placed his cross here for his soul, the soul of Iltud…”)? The "height of a man" may link with Arthur's real size cross which was preserved at "Wedale" [which possibly may really be Reculver]?

[Alternatively, there was an arch or arches at Richborough?]

"a now-destroyed rock-arch which once stood by Knab Rock", or Maen Cetti "The Stone of Cetti or the Ark" (some seven miles distant, Gower)?

St Iltud. [Compare Ilud/Juliana in children of Brychan?]

“Iltud ordained by Dubricius” / “Dyfrig was the confessor of Iltud”. "Dyfrig/Dubricius (bishop) of Legions" connects with Dubris/Dover, or with Durovernum/Canterbury, or Durobrivae/Rochester, while the city of the legion is Richborough/Rutupi. Another source says Iltud ordained by Germanus? Germanus/Garmon (or Germans) more likely in south-east. [Not sure if Iltud could possibly be Gildas who was reputed to be at "Oxford"/Ridoc?]

cave/spelunca

the caves of Birchington? or (the “altar chamber” at) Margate caves? or Chislehurst caves? Arthur's Avalon may be connected with "hollow hill".

“Bob’s Cave” on Mumbles Head? "neither the cave nor the church have been identified". Evans says why Wilson & Blacket's cave at Ewenny / cave in Coed y Mwstwr forest doesn't match.

near the sea. (ship/boat.)

Reculver/Margate is near the sea. [Camlan may have been near Richborough/Sandwich or else at Sutton Hoo?]

mysterious body/corpse of the/a sancti hominis "holy man / man of god" [suggested by some to be "(King) Arthur"]

The mysterious body of levitating altar (& 2 men) may be "Magnanimous Arthur" (who bore cross at Guinnion/Badon) (& Bedver & Lucan (instead of 3 women)), esp since Llwynarth "grove of the bear" could link with Arthur "bear"; and the L.A. certainly seems to match Reculver Cross. Arthur's grave is called an eternal wonder is the grave of Arthur in Black Book of Carmarthen.

Avalon of Arthur is hall of isle of Afallach in Triads which matches Afarnach's Hall (4th/3rd) of PaGur which matches Bassas (3rd) and Reculver (4th). Avalon is in North Sea in Irish. (Arthur's Avalon may be connected with "hollow hill", which may link with Margate caves?) Isle ~ peninsula? Vale may link with Wantsum-Stour? [St Aaron of Legions? Avene/Cerdicesford? Urien's craggy bed & Arvon's shore & Bencor in Arvon?] Pomona & Reculver "promontory"? Appled Ash of Wonders also in area?

Arthur said to repose at Baschurch, which matches our Bassas (of Nennius) and (monastery-church at) Reculver.

Compare the retreat of Brecheinawc/Gafran of Gwallawg?

Arthur's grave supposedly at Glastonbury. Reculver has a connection with "former abbot of Glastonbury". Appled Ash & Glastonbury Thorn?

(Camlan may be "Bedcanford", and may have been near Richborough/Sandwich, or else Sutton Hoo?)

(Chislehurst is also connected with Merlin.)

[Alternatively, the body of Dover Painted house? Dover is Guinnion of HB & Eidyn 2 of PG. Arthur buried at Etna may link with Eidyn?]

a Church founded/ established around/near/over the corpse/body of the holy man and around/near the altar.

the monastery-church [of St Mary] built around the Reculver Cross. (Or else the “vicarage holy trinity church” at Margate? Or the church of the holy cross near these sites?) [Compare "Baschurch", which connects with Bassas and Reculver. Plus 'Eglwysau Bassa' "churches of Bassa". There is also a Basilica in Reculver inscription. Possibly also compare Wedale which also may connect back to Reculver?] [Marham church of children of Brychan link with Margate??] [Though very tenuous, there may be a traditional analogous link of monastery of "Bangor" (in Arvon) "down the road from Chester" with Reculver not far from Richborough [city of the legion]?]

"a chapel which may have been on Knab Rock or nearby"? "neither the cave nor the church have been identified".

"a certain regulus (petty king)". [Brychan is called a regulus in Saints Lives.]

regulus may possibly link with Regulbium? [Evidence suggests that retreat of Brecheinawc/Gafran of Gwallawg/Taliesin matches our Reculver / Birchington & "Avalon" / "Baschurch" / 'levitating altar'.] Riculf/Raculf (HRB)?

The L.A. is in (the Wonders of Britain in) the Historia Britonum of Nennius which also has (# other wonders, and) the 9 battle sites of "Arthur".

We have shown very quality and quantity evidences that the 9 battle sites of "Arthur" and also the Wonders of Britain of HB of "Nennius" certainly match the 9 Saxon Shore sites in the south-east quarter of England/Britain. Nennius (& Gildas, Melkinus, Kentigern, Germanus, etc) reputed to have been at "Oxford" according to Asser, but the traditional "Oxford" / Rico/Ridoc/Richiden/Rhydychen / Bos(s)o / Caer-Vembyr may really be Reculver near Rutupi & Wantsum-Stour [Bassas "shallow", probably the swelling ford/shallows of the Wonders, and possibly Cerdicesford/Avene], and Germanus etc were surely more likely in the south-west (plus Kentigern may link with Kit's Coty &/or Kent?) (There is also an Oxwich bay in Gower.) [Could the body of Dover painted house even be Nennius?]

Orthodox would have a "largely-fictitious/-unsubstantial" Arthur &/or "unreliable" Nennius romping all over Britain (except for south-east quarter) from Lomond, to Lincoln ("Linnuis"), to Chester ("city of legion"), to Anglesey/Mon(a) or Isle of Man, to Cardigan, to Gwent, to Gower, to Caerleon, to Hwicce, to Severn, to Oxford (Asser), etc. They do not have the 9 battle sites and the Wonders all matching same sites (eg is 1 of Arthur's 9 battle sites in Gower?) (They claim that "there is no necessity that the should match", but we discovered stark evidence(s) that they do match.)

is "history" (ie "Historia (Britonum)")

we have found an amazing real historical match and at about the right date

orthodox have a possible physical/traditional match but it is not really very certain ("neither the cave nor the church have been identified", "...may have been....") Local traditions/legends/rumours are hardly reliable.

is in "(the island of) Britain" (i.e. "(Historia) Britonum")

Reculver/Margate is (in Kent) in (island of) Great Britain. (Evidences from "Welsh" sources also seemingly suggest that the name Britain was especially connected with the Downs and Weald?)

orthodox site is in Gower in s.w. Wales in (Great) Britain.

the usual/orthodox location candidate for the Levitating Altar is at Ystum-llwynarth/Llwyngarth/Llygraib "Llwynarth Bend [Bay?]" (~ Oystermouth bay, the Mumbles, Gower). (Loyngarth from llymarch "an oyster"?)

Richborough/Rutupiae and Reculver are famous for oysters found there. Black Rock near Reculver? (Cf Bass Rock?)

[Levitating altar might match the pieces of Arthur's [or Andrew's] real size cross preserved at Wedale/Vallis-Doloris 6 miles west of monastery of Meil-ros "bare [or yellow] + headland / promontory / moor(land)", in province of Lo[n]donesia]

Reculver Cross, in monastery-church at Reculver "great headland/promontory", # miles n.w. of Richborough/Rutupi [Camelot "yellow"], not far from London. Vale/valley might match Wantsum-Stour?