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Star of Bethlehem

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    Posted: 19-Feb-2018 at 09:17
There are only two New Testament accounts of Jesus' birth - the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. The Census only occurs in the Gospel of Luke. The Magi and the Massacre of the Innocents only occur in the Gospel of Matthew. 

Whilst it is traditional to combine the two gospel accounts and read them as a single narrative, I think each gospel should be examined separately as an individual source, and judged on its own internal chronology. 

Luke starts with two reference points for dating Jesus' birth;

1. It is in the time of King Herod of Judea when Zechariah is an elderly priest, and his old and barren wife Elizabeth becomes pregnant with John the Baptist. Luke links Elizabeth's pregnancy to the news for Mary about her own child, but he does not say that Mary became pregnant at that point. 

2. It is in the time of Emperor Augustus that a census is decreed, when Quirinius is governor of Syria. It is this census that leads to Jesus being born in Bethlehem.

The census of Quirinius is recorded in the History of Josephus for 6/7 AD. If that is when Jesus was born, then the mentioned 'King Herod of Judea' could be Herod Archelaus [4 BC - 6 AD], who was replaced by Quirinius as ruler of Judea in 6 AD. There is nothing in the narrative of Luke that would argue against this. 

Luke also gives us some reference points in Jesus' adult life;

1. In the 15th year of Emperor Tiberius, John the Baptist starts to preach and baptize people in the Jordan area.

2. John the Baptist speaks against Herod of Galilee's behaviour, including his marriage to Herodias, and is arrested. 

3. Only after this arrest does Jesus, having already been baptized by John, leave John's disciples to spend 40 days in the wilderness before returning to Galilee and starting his own ministry. Jesus is about 30 years old when he starts to preach.

4. Jesus' ministry seems to be only about a year long (Luke mentions only one Passover). Herod has John beheaded during Jesus' ministry and Jesus is sentenced to death by Pontius Pilate.

Historically, the 15th year of Tiberius would be 29/30 AD, so this is the date for John the Baptist starting to preach. We are not told how long John preached prior to his arrest, nor for how long he was imprisoned, but Josephus reports that John's death was perceived as the cause for Herod's defeat by the Nabateans in 36 AD. 

We are also not told the time gap between John starting his ministry in 29/30 AD and Jesus starting his; but if Jesus' ministry was only a year long and included John's execution, then this would not have been very long before 36 AD, by which date (according to Josephus) John was recently dead.

So if Jesus' ministry ended about 36 AD, and if he was about 30 years old when he started preaching, then his birth fits with the census of Quirinius in 6/7 AD.

None of this proves that the story is true, nor helps explain why the chronology differs in Matthew. But it does show that the Luke narrative is consistent with itself, and with a second historical narrative in Josephus.


Edited by .Sidney - 19-Feb-2018 at 16:18
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  Quote Arthur-Robin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 18-Feb-2018 at 14:40
Can we nail down the correct date of Jesus Christ's birth (sometime between 12 bc & 1 ad) re the various details of the star of Bethlehem, the census, Cyrinus, Herod, the eclipse, slaughter of babies/children of Ramah, time on Egypt, birth of John the Baptist, Nazareth, etc?

I saw an article on Sirius recently which made me wonder if this star is connected somehow with the star of Bethlehem?
http://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/what-so-special-about-sirius-dog-star-009232

Genesis 1:14 God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of sky to
        divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs,
        and for seasons, and for days and years;
1:16 .... He also made the stars.

Genesis 37:9 He [Joseph] dreamed yet another dream, and told it to his brothers,
        and said, "Behold, I have dreamed yet another dream:
        and behold, the sun and the moon and eleven stars bowed
        down to me."

Numbers 24:17 .... A star [kochab?] will come out of Jacob [Khufu/Cheops].  A scepter will rise out
        of Israel, and shall strike through the corners of Moab,
        and break down all the sons of Sheth.
24:19 Out of Jacob shall one have dominion....

Matthew 2:1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days
        of Herod the king, behold, wise men [The word for "wise men"
        (magi) can also mean teachers, scientists, physicians,
        astrologers, seers, interpreters of dreams, or sorcerers.]
        from the east came to Jerusalem, saying,
2:2 "Where is he who is born King of the Jews?  For we saw his star
        in the east (or in the first rays of dawn), and have come to worship him."
2:3 When Herod the king heard it, he was troubled, and all
        Jerusalem with him.
2:7 Then Herod secretly called the wise men, and learned from them
        exactly what time the star appeared.
2:9 They, having heard the king, went their way; and behold,
        the star, which they saw in the east, went before them,
        until it came and stood over where the young child was.
2:10 When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceedingly great joy.

( Luke 1:5 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain
        priest named Zacharias, of the priestly division of Abijah. ....
1:8 Now it happened, while he executed the priest's office before
        God in the order of his division,
1:9 according to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was
        to enter into the temple of the Lord and burn incense.
1:11 An angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing on the right
        side of the altar of incense.
1:26 Now in the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God
        to a city of Galilee, named Nazareth,
1:27 to a virgin pledged to be married to a man whose name was Joseph,
        of the house of David.  The virgin's name was Mary.
1:36 Behold, Elizabeth, your relative, also has conceived a son
        in her old age; and this is the sixth month with her who
        was called barren.
1:56 Mary stayed with her about three months, and then returned
        to her house.
2:1 Now it happened in those days, that a decree went out from
        Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled.
2:2 This was the first enrollment made when Quirinius was
        governor of Syria.
2:4 Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth,
        into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem,
        because he was of the house and family of David;
2:5 to enroll himself with Mary, who was pledged to be married
        to him as wife, being pregnant.
2:6 It happened, while they were there, that the day had come
        that she should give birth.
2:7 She brought forth her firstborn son, and she wrapped him
        in bands of cloth, and laid him in a feeding trough,
        because there was no room for them in the inn.
2:8 There were shepherds in the same country staying in the field,
        and keeping watch by night over their flock.
2:9 Behold, an angel of the Lord stood by them, and the glory
        of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified.
2:10 The angel said to them, "Don't be afraid, for behold, I bring
        you good news of great joy which will be to all the people.
2:11 For there is born to you, this day, in the city of David,
        a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.
2:12 This is the sign to you:  you will find a baby wrapped in strips
        of cloth, lying in a feeding trough."
2:13 Suddenly, there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly
        army praising God, and saying,
2:14 "Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will toward men."
2:15 It happened, when the angels went away from them into the sky,
        that the shepherds said one to another, "Let's go
        to Bethlehem, now, and see this thing that has happened,
        which the Lord has made known to us."
2:16 They came with haste, and found both Mary and Joseph,
        and the baby was lying in the feeding trough.
2:17 When they saw it, they publicized widely the saying which was
        spoken to them about this child.
2:20 The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for
        all the things that they had heard and seen, just as it
        was told them.
2:22 When the days of their purification according to the law
        of Moses were fulfilled, they brought him up to Jerusalem,
        to present him to the Lord
2:25 Behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon.
        This man was righteous and devout, looking for the consolation
        of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was on him.
2:26 It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he should
        not see death before he had seen the Lord's Christ.{"Christ"
        (Greek) and "Messiah" (Hebrew) both mean "Anointed One"}
2:27 He came in the Spirit into the temple.  When the parents
        brought in the child, Jesus, that they might do concerning
        him according to the custom of the law,
2:28 then he received him into his arms....
2:36 There was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel,
        of the tribe of Asher (she was of a great age, having lived
        with a husband seven years from her virginity,
2:37 and she had been a widow for about eighty-four years)....
2:38 Coming up at that very hour, she gave thanks to the Lord,
        and spoke of him to all those who were looking for
        redemption in Jerusalem.
2:39 When they had accomplished all things that were according
        to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their
        own city, Nazareth.
2:42 When he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem
        according to the custom of the feast,
2:43 and when they had fulfilled the days, as they were returning,
        the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem.  ....
2:46 It happened after three days they found him in the temple,
        sitting in the midst of the teachers, both listening to them,
        and asking them questions.
3:1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar,
        Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch
        of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region
        of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,
3:2 in the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God
        came to John, the son of Zacharias, in the wilderness.
3:3 He came into all the region around the Jordan, preaching the
        baptism of repentance for remission of sins.
3:23 Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years old.... )

2 Peter 1:19 ... until the day dawns,
        and the morning star arises in your hearts....

Revelation/Apocalypse 2:28 and I will give him the morning star.
22:16 I, Jesus....  I am the root and the offspring of David;
        the Bright and Morning Star."

"Every man and woman is a star".

"... the point of the ecliptic or degree of the zodiac which is nearest the eastern horizon at the time of birth is called the ascendant, and the easternmost star represents the house of life.... This is a person's strongest star, and when his outlook is bright, we say his star is in the ascendant."
"... those leading stars which are above the horizon at a person's birth influence his life...."

Jewish calendar:
  Rosh Hashanah / new year - 1 Nisan / March 17
[preparation - 13 nisan?]
Pesach/passover/paschal - 14 Nisan / March 31
paschal Feast of Unleavened Bread beg - 14/15 Nisan / March 31
First Fruits of barley offering - 15/16 Nisan / April 3
Feast of Unleavened Bread concl. - 20/21 nisan / April 7
2nd passover - 14 zif/iyyar
lagB'omer / counting omer 50 days pesach to shavot
Shavuot/pentecost/ffowh 6 sivan / May 22?
taking of Jerusalem 7/17 thammuz
fast/destruction of Temple/tishaB'av 7/9 ab/aviv
  Yom Teruah/trumps/Rosh Hashanah/New Yr 1 tisri / Sep 10
Yom Kippur/day of atonement 10 tisri / Sep 19
Sukkot/tabernacles/booths/ffw&o 15-21 tisri / Sep 24
Last Great Day # tisri / Oct 1
Hanukkah/lights/dedication (Maccabees) 25 chislev / Dec 1-9
siege Jerusalem 7 tebheth
tuB'shvat/planting trees lat Jan / ear Feb
feast of purim 14/15 Adar
Fast of Esther  11 veadar / Feb 16
Purim (Esther) - 14/15 veadar / Feb 17-19

Star of Bethlehem timeline:
11 stars bow to 1 star (Joseph)
Sphinx
"A star [kocab?] shall come out of Jacob." (Balaam prophecy)
Venus tablets of Ammisaduga
Daniel
magi
[66 bc Jupiter & Saturn?]
63 bc pubic portent (birth Augustus)?
44 bc / [c 24 bc] Caesar's comet
40-4/1 bc Herod the Great (eclipse shortly before death)?
19 bc - ad 14 Augustus Caesar.
[17 bce comet?]
12 bc census Dio Cassius?
12/11 bc Halley's Aug 25th 56/63 days China?
10-7 bc & ad 6-7-12 Cyrinus
9 bc Uranus & Saturn?
8 bc census (3 x)
7 bc census
7/6 bc/bce conjunction of (Mars &) Jupiter & Saturn (3 x in Pisces) 5 months in (20th/end Feb, 12th Apr), 20/21/29th May, sep / (2)3rd Oct, 4th Dec, (end Jan)? *
6 bc double occultation of Jupiter by Moon close to sun in Aries 17 April?
6 bc (Sun &) Jupiter & Moon & Saturn in Aries (Ven & Mars in neighbouring constellations) 6/17 Apr.
6 bc conjunction Uranus & Venus?
5 bc object/comet/nova (70 days, China/Korea)?
4 bc comet with no tail that didn't move (Korean)?
ca 4 bc comet & conjunction several planets in Pisces (DSS)? *
4 bc Simon of Perea
4 bc lunar eclipse 13/15 Mar?
(3 bc conjunction of Venus & Saturn (in eastern sky) in 12 Jun?)
(3 bc conjunction of Jupiter & Venus in Leo in 12th Aug?) *
3 bc conjunction Venus & Mercury 31 Aug?
3 bc "census" (mass oath, Aug). *
[3-2 bc 7 conjunctions Jupiter & Regulus?]
3-2 bc conjunction of Jupiter & Regulus in Leo (1st of 3 x over 8 mo) between 14 Sept 3 bc & Jun 2 bc? *
2 bc conjunction of Jupiter & Venus near Regulus in Leo in [West at] sunset in 17 Jun?
2 bc Venus rose to mark sceptre in Leo 18/20/24 Aug? *
2 bc Jupiter stationary 25 Dec
[1 bc Jupiter & Venus in Virgo in sw [July]?
[0 bc(e) none in yr / no yr.]
1 ad Venus rose in Aries 27 Mar?
6-7-12 ad Cyrinus
6/7 ad/ce census (Judas 6 ad)
[ad 15 Tiberias reign began?]
15-37 saying of 'Tammuz' that "great Pan is dead" in the reign of Tiberias
20 census
"27"/28/29 ad 15th yr Tiberias;
31 ad Mar 4/5 "ladder formed by all wandering  stars";
31 ad Aug 15 "Venus rose in sextans (included as part of Leo)";
32 ad darkness/eclipse (Thallus/Africanus); 
33 ad fri 3rd Apr "eclipse/blood-moon" (Crucifiction)?
33 ad (19 Mar-)5 Apr "Venus (& sun) rose in Pisces" (JC resurrection).
34 census [tax?]
"35 British evangelised"
36 Pilate rule ends.
37 Tiberias reign ends.
46 famine
66 ad Halley's comet (Nero/Tiridates)
Vespasian "a number of omens, oracles, and portents"
69/70 ad Vespasian ascession
70 destruction Jerusalem.
94 Flavius Josephus
312 indiction 1/25 Sept / 1 Jan (15 yrs cycle)
c 5th/6th cent ad Pendragon comet
527/532 Dionysius Exiguus
1006 SN1006 brightest stellar event ever (Ibn Ridwan & Chinese)
[1603 ad conjunction (Mercury,) Jupiter & Saturn in Pisces (Kepler).]

Sphinx = lion (of Judah Gen 49)
Sphinx = head of Joseph Gen 49
Sphinx = east
"Sphinx = dog"?
Anubis = dog.
Sirius = dog star.
Leo = lion
Regulus = little king
Virgo = virgin
Saturn = sabbath
Saturn/Kronos = Jacob/Abraham
Jupiter = king
Jupiter = Jeoud/Judah
Aries = ram = lamb
Pisces = fish
Moon/lunar = Semitic/Jewish.

Referencce list of stars (by constellation) :

Mezarim: UrsaMinor/littlebear/LittleDipper: Kocab; Polaris/polestar/northstar/TaiYi/TouMu, Pherkad, Yildun.

Draco/dragon/Nahash: Eltanin, AlphaDraconis/Reret, Thuban, Giausar, Kuma, Rastaban, Taiyi, Tianyi, Aldhibah, Arrakis, Alsafi, Altais, Athebyne, Dziban, Edasich, Eltanin, Fafnir, Grumium.

QuadransMuralis.

Bootes/Herdsman: Arcturus, Izar, Alkalurops, AsellusPrimus, Merga, Muphrid, Nekkar, Seginus, Xuange.

Lyra/lyre: Vega, Aladfar, Alathfar, Sheliak, Sulafat.

Cepheus: GarnetStar, Alderamin, Alfirk, AlKalbalRai, Errai, Kurhah.

Cygnus/Swan: Deneb, Sadr, Aljanah, Azelfafage, Albireo.

Delphinus:RhoAquilae, Musica, Rotanev, Sualocin, Aldulfin.

Mezarim: UrsaMajor/Plough/(Charles)Wain/Callisto/BigDipper/Meskhet/TouMu: Alkaid, Mizar, Alioth, Dubhe, Merak, Phecda, Alcor, Alkaphrah, AlulaAustralis, Chalawan, Intercrus, Megrez, Muscida, Sarir, Taiyangshou, Talitha, Tania, Alcor.

CoronaBorealis/Firmiana: Alphecca, Nusakan.

Camelopardalis/Camelus/SciurusVolans/flyingsquirrel: Tonatiuh.

Triangulum(Boreale/Majus)/Deltoton/Delta: Mothallah.

Cassiopeia: Schedar, Caph, Castula, Fulu, Marfark, Navi, Ruchbah, Segin, Achird.

Andromeda: GreatSpiral; Alpheratz, Mirach, Almach, Adhil, Alamak, Nembus, Titawin, Veritate.

Leo/Lion/Freya/Folkvangr/Sessrumnir: Regulus, Denebola, Algieba, Adhafera, AlMinliaralAsad, Alterf, Chertan, Praecipua, Rasalas, Subra, Zosma.

Cancer/crab/Heimdall: Acubens, Altarf, Asellus, Copernicus, Meleph, Tegmine.

CanisMinor: Procyon, Wezen, Gomeisa.

Gemini/twins/Castor&Pollux/Lugalirra&Meslamtae/Vali&Vidar/Breidablik: Alhena, Alzirr, Jishui, Mebsuta, Mekbuda, Propus, Tejat, Wasat.

Auriga/charioteer: Capella, Menkalinan, Almaaz, Haedus, Hassaleh, Mahasim, Saclateni.

Perseus: Algol; Mirfak; IRS5; Atik; Menkib; Miram; Misam.

Orion/hunter/Ishullanu/Sah/Osiris/Jabbir/Kesil: Trapezium; belt; Rigel; Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Alnitak, Alnilam, Saiph, Hatsya, Meissa, Mintaka, Tabit, Thabit.

Taurus/bull/Gudana/Rohini/Skadi/Thrym: Pleiades/Kimah; Aldebaran; Elnath, Alcyone, Ain, Asterope, Atlas, Celaeno, Chamukuy, Electra, Maia, Merope, Pleione, Taygeta, Tianguan.
Taurus: Hyades/Ash/Ayish: Alphard.

Aries/ram/goldenfleece: Hamal, Bharani, Botein, LiliiBorea, Mesarthim, Sheratan.

Pegasus: Pegasi, Markab, Enif, Scheat, Markab, Algenib, Alkarab, Biham, Helvetios, Hornam, Matar, Sadalbari, Salm.

Pisces/fishes/Anunitu/Saga: Alrescha, FumalSamakah, Revati, Torcular.

MilkyWay/Galaxy: IRS5.
Sun/Sol/Helios/Shamash/Utu/Ra/Re.
Nemesis/darkstar
Venus/Lucifer/eveningstar/morningstar/Sukra/Mazzaroth/Hesperus.

Aquarius/watercarrier/Frey/Alfheim: Albali, Ancha, Sadachbia, Situla, Skat.

Capricorn(us)/goatfish/Frey/Alfheim/Pan/Amalthea: Algedi, Alshat, Dabih, DenebAlgedi, Nashira.

Sagittarius/archer/Pabilsag/Ull: Nunki, KausAustralis, Ainalrami, Albaldah, Alnasl, Arkab, Ascella, Polis, Rukbat, Terebellum.

Aquilo/Aquila/eagle: Altair, Alshain, Libertas, Tarazed.

Ophiuchus: Rasalhague, Sabik, Barnard'sStar, Cebalrai, Marfik, Yed.

Scorpio(n)/Scorpius/Njord: Antares, Shoula/Shaula, Acrab, Sargas, Larawag, Dschubba, Fang, Fuyue, Graffias, Iklil, Jabbah, Lesath, Pipirima, Xamidimura, Alniyat.

Serpens: SerpensCaput, SerpensCauda, Alya, Unukalhai.

Libra/balance/Njord: Zubenelgenubi, Brachium.

Virgo/virgin/Demeter/Sala/Forseti/Glitnir: Spica, Heze, Kang, Khambalia, Lich, Minelauva, Porrima, Syrma, Vindemiatrix, Zaniah, Zavijava.

Piscis(Austrinis)/PiscisNotus/SouthernFish: Fomalhaut.

Grus/crane/Phoenicopterus/flamingo: Alnair, Tiaki, Aldhanab.

TriangulumAustrale/TriangulusAntarcticus: Atria.

Pavo/peacock.

Corvus: Gienah.

Centaur(us)/Chiron: Agena; RigilKentaurus/AlphaCentauri, ProximaCentauri; Hadar; Menkent.

Hadretheman: Canopus.
Hadretheman: Crux/SouthernCross/TripleStar: Acrux, BetaCrucis/Mimosa, Gacrux, AlphaCentauri, Ginan.

Musca(Australis)/Apis/Bee

Cetus/whale: Mira, Diphda, BatenKaitos, Kaffaldjidhma, Menkar.

(Jason'sShip)Argo/ArgoNavis: Vela/sails: Alsephina, Suhail, Markeb, Regor.
ArgoNavis: Puppis/poopdeck: Naos, Tureis, Asmidiske.
ArgoNavis: Carina/keel: Canopus, Avior, Miaplacidus, Aspidiske.

WinterTriangle: Sirius, Betelguese, Procyon.

CanisMajor: SiriusA&B/dogstar/Sothis/Sopdet/Sept/Isis/Sukra/Tishtrya/east/dogdays, Adhara, Mirzam, Aludra, Furud, Muliphein, Unurgunite, Wezen.
CanisMajor: Sirius/scorching/triangle/Rehua/Warepil/red/seablue/white: thePup/SiriusB.

Manu: Sirius, Procyon, Canopus.

Phoenix/Phoenicis: Ankaa.

TheRiver/Eridanus: Achernar, Acamar, Beemim, Beid, Cursa, Keid, Ran, Sceptrum, Theemin, Zaurak, Zibal, Angetnar, Azha.



Edited by Arthur-Robin - 18-Feb-2018 at 14:51
NZ's mandatory fluoridation is not fair because it only forces it on the disadvantaged/some and not on the advantaged/everyone.
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